One Day on the River Essay Example for Free

One Day on the River Essay Elijah has grander and more dangerous dreams. Having been largely acculturated by a residential school upbringing before escaping into the forest to live with Xavier and Niska, he has acquired the dubious skills of public relations and boastfulness as much as the crafts of the hunter. His English, learned from the nuns, is impeccable, and he makes his mark among the men in the trenches as much by the flash of his storytelling as by his murderous midnight prowls in no man’s land. Gradually Elijah becomes imprisoned by two great obsessions: a need for morphine, whose use is rampant up and down the lines, and an insatiable hunger for killing. Some French soldiers suggest that if he really wants to gain respect for all his kills, he should scalp his victims as evidence. He decides to do so, much to Xavier’s disgust. In counterpoint to the exploits of Xavier and Elijah, Boyden interweaves the story of Niska, told as she paddles her wounded nephew back home after the war is over. Niska is part of the sad but admirable remnant of traditional natives who refused to enter the reserves in the 19th century, choosing instead to live by their wits and traditional teachings in the woods. Subject to what modern medicine would call epileptic seizures, Niska is deemed by her tribe to have inherited her father’s skills as a shaman and a windigo-killer. Since windigos manifest themselves in humans who have practiced cannibalism, getting rid of them involves what white society would call murder, and indeed Niska’s father was executed as a murderer by the white courts. The constant crossing of the moral lines between the worldviews of native and white society is one of the many strengths of this fascinating novel. At one point, hunkered down in his sniper’s nest, Xavier indulges himself (and the reader) in a contemplation on the number three, which he sees as an obsession of his white commanders. There’s the front line, the support line, and the reserve line, for starters. There’s the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. Off the battlefield, there’s food, then rest, then women. In church, there’s the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Not to mention the superstition about lighting three cigarettes with one match, a prime metaphor for courting danger in the Great War. But then Xavier suddenly remembers Niska’s traditional teaching, that those who are dying must walk the three-day road to death, and he wonders â€Å"if we share something, some magic. Maybe it will help me get through all this.† The real war hero, Peggy, makes a brief cameo appearance in the novel, which may not have been a wise choice on the author’s part. The characters of Xavier and Niska and, to a slightly lesser extent, Elijah are full to the brim with life – they’re quite satisfying and believable as they are, and need no further stamp of authentication.

UK NHS Framework for Coronary Heart Disease | Analysis

UK NHS Framework for Coronary Heart Disease | Analysis A Critical Analysis of the Impact of a Current Healthcare Policy on a Group of Clients/Users Introduction In considering the impact of a current healthcare policy on a group of clients/users, the United Kingdom’s National Service Framework (NSF) for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), offers a classical example for examination of the foregoing. In particular women as a subject group provides an interesting basis by which to analyze user experience, quality of service as well as fairness/justice. Globally, 10 million of the 27 million deaths of women are as a result of Coronary Heart Disease with one third of the foregoing total, 10 million, occurring in developed countries (Bonita, 2000). And while Coronary Heart Disease is known to be a leading cause of death among men, it is also ‘the’ leading cause of death for European women (Mcguire, 2000). In the United Kingdom Coronary Heart Disease is the number one cause of premature death among both men and women and shows a marked skew with regard to social classification. The death rate attributed to Coronary Heart Disease among males from manual worker classifications is forty percent (40%) higher than for those from non-manual segments (National Health Service, 2005). And while coronary heart disease is four to five times more prevalent in males than females for the age groups under 65, the gap narrows considerably after this age. And this particular age occurrence discrepancy is one of the critical sources of misunderstanding, focus, appropriation, resources and service as the medical profession, insurance industry, and public in general tend to view coronary heart disease as primarily affecting males. And while the preceding is true, in terms of the age groups under 65 (Mcguire, 2000), the fact is that women live longer than men thus as the incidence of coronary heart disease and the associated care is spread out over a longer period as well as at a more advanced age. The circumstantial inequities that the preceding give or gave rise to shall be the examination points addressed herein in terms of considerations with respect to the impact of current health care policy in terms of analyzing user experience, quality of service as well as fairness/justice, with particular emphasis on women. In order to accomplish this broad and sweeping analysis, an understanding of the disease, and allied points will need to be established to provide the foundation from which to reach a determination as to the three subject areas indicated. Coronary Heart Disease A distressing fact that has been uncovered as a result of a study by the World Health Organization (1997) is that coronary heart disease is rising in developed countries. The World Health Organization (1997) attributed the foregoing to the increased overall age of relative populations as well as the onset of increasingly poor health behavioral patterns. Dr. Abby King (2000) indicated that of the forty plus studies that have been undertaken on a global basis concerning various aspects of coronary heart disease it was found that there was a correlation between physical activity and premature mortality. Dr. King (2000) stated that said study consisted of a field that was comprised thirty-three percent (33%) of woman. Said studies have shown that inactivity in women revealed on average a two-fold risk or the development of cardiovascular problems as compared to their peers who were or are more active. It was also uncovered through these studies that the economic costs in terms of not onl y the direct treatment but also, those associated with the relative inactivity of patients amounted to substantial outlays. The increase in coronary heart disease has also been attributed to the elevated cholesterol levels that are prevalent in Western countries. Dr. Anita Schmeiser-Rieder (2000) has found that approximately forty percent (40%) of women above the age of fifty-five (55) have serum cholesterol levels that are elevated. Dr. Schmeiser-Rieder (2000) indicated that the preceding condition peaked in women between the ages of sixty-five (65) and seventy-four (74) and that fully sixty-one percent (61%) of those researched had hypercholesterlomia. The disturbing finding that was uncovered in studies by the World Health Organization (1997) is that coronary heart disease and stroke will continue to be the leading cause of death among both men and women over the next twenty years, increasing to the second and third causes of death from its present ranking of fifth and sixth by 2020. The World Health Organization (1997) cites that the major causes of both stroke and coronary heart disease are: smoking high blood pressure cholesterol body mass index And while studies conducted by the WHO (World Health Organization) MONICA (2000) Project shows a decline in smoking trends, a rise in smoking among young woman as well as adult women has been noted in: Russia (Novosirbirsk) Germany (Augsberg) Belgium Spain (Catalonia), and Poland, where the recorded increase has been as much as ten percent (10%). As the number one cause of stroke and coronary heart disease, the rise in female smoking is alarming, made even more dramatic by the fact that females historically smoke less than their male counterparts across all age groups. The findings of varied studies has conclusively indicated that the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease increases with respect to those individuals whose lifestyles expose them to the additional risks that are associated with the two conditions. The World Health Organization (1997) has determined that changes in lifestyle as well as personal habits effectively reduce the risk associated with contracting these diseases. The foregoing is of particular significance to women, as the emphasis on efforts to change lifestyles and habits has been primarily focused upon the male segment of the population whose rate of incidence with respect to stroke and coronary heart disease has been higher. The corresponding increase in poor lifestyle and smoking habits among females in the countries indicated reveals that such an approach has not only been short sighted, by failed to take into account the longer life cycle of females thus increasing the onset of coronary heart disease and stroke in later years as a result of higher age where female incidents almost match those of males. The foregoing factors are important base line informational points to develop an understanding of the varied inputs and considerations that comprise the complex variables inherent in equating the range of aspects to be addressed in analyzing user experience, quality of service as well as fairness/justice. The preceding points out the need to utilize what is termed as a ‘high reach’ strategy (Bonita, 2000) that reaches both the male and female segments of the population in terms of alerting them to the relative risks, preventive measures, lifestyle augmentation, and allied aspects known to have demonstrated a decrease in stroke and coronary heart disease when utilized in a proper manner. Such an initiative when conducted on a population-wide (high reach) basis helps to alert individuals to the relative dangers and causes of high blood pressure, negative connotations associated with smoking and lack of physical activity, the three highest contributors to the condition. Alerting populations to reduce the intake of salt, alcohol, saturated fat as well as the benefits of increased physical activity would reduce the relative levels of blood pressure and thus the corresponding reduction in medical costs assumed not only by individuals, but society at large. By combining the aforementioned with what is termed a high-risk strategy (Bonita, 2000), in efforts that are directed at the identification of women in this category, along with offering treatment to the women within this group whose risk factor(s) are above the norm in terms of the potential for a coronary disease event can generate significant improvements in long term results. The utilization of educational media efforts in combination with treatment availability is a preventive measure that recognizes the need to head off the high costs of medical facilities, and allied costs to the government via preventive measures. As the subject country being utilized for this examination is the United Kingdom, the foregoing is applicable. The same holds true for countries where insurance coverage’s are used to supplement individual treatment costs, along with the calculated losses to society with respect to the associated costs that accompany coronary heart disease events. In the case of the United Kingdom, with the taxpayers bearing the cost of medical care under the country’s socialized medical program, the realities of the treatment and after care costs of coronary heart disease are a real expenditure concern. In particular the recognition of the heretofore hidden costs in this area as a result of the scant attention paid to the real costs associated with women, the foregoing represents an opportunity to make an significant impact in cost controls, and more importantly the health of an entire segment of the population. And while women as a group have an overall lower absolute risk factor than men, in terms of the potential for women to have a coronary heart disease event, this differs depending upon the age group category. As indicated by Dr. Anita Schmeiser-Rieder (2000), forty percent (40%) of females who are above the age of fifty-five (55) years of age have elevated cholesterol levels and this condition actually peaked for the age group between sixty-five (65) through seventy-four (74) where sixty-one percent (61%) if the research group had this condition. The aforementioned supports the view that strategies aimed at high-reach in conjunction with high-risk represent a necessary approach to bring the incident of the risk of conditions that contribute to increased onset of coronary heart disease under preventive type control program measures. The preceding analysis takes on additional importance when one considers that estimates regarding the probability factors concerning woman above the age of fifty, as well as the increased incidence of smoking in young women and the need for education regarding lifestyle and health preventive measures to reduce probabilities later in life represent contributory factors that can be somewhat controlled. Prevention approaches to call attention to the risks of smoking, high cholesterol diets, and the lack of proper exercise represent measures that have shown to produce a reduction in coronary heart disease numbers over specified periods. Classified as lifestyle and personal habit changes, the reduction or elimination of known contributors that increase the potential of CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) has yielded positive results. It is important to note that in the instance of women, the absolute risk of coronary heart disease remains at relatively low levels until they reach their seventies and eighties, however, the reduction in conditions attributable to said condition in earlier years has been shown as a positive preventive measure (Bonita, 2000). As pointed out by Dr. Bonita (2000) the primary contributors to the coronary heart disease epidemic are: the onset of population aging, rapid urbanization, changes in nutrition, and smoking patterns, along with reduced physical activity Any program that purports to achieve relative success will need to incorporate the preceding along with post CHD treatment and follow up measures as well. Cardiac Rehabilitation Services The United Kingdom’s National Service Framework for coronary heart disease is under a revision program which the Secretary of State for Health, Alan Milburn, states the primary focus is the â€Å"saving of lives† by the reduction of â€Å"†¦the death rate from heart disease and †¦ stroke †¦Ã¢â‚¬  by â€Å"†¦ two fifths†¦Ã¢â‚¬  for individuals under the age of seventy-five (75) by the year 2010 (National Health Service, 2005). The preceding will be accomplished through the following measures (National Health Service, 2005): the development of a new vision concerning coronary heart disease, the establishment of a government-wide agenda, further development and improvement of the National Service Framework for CHD providing effective services to all individuals in the United Kingdom that can benefit The preceding directly address the three points user experience, quality of service as well as fairness/justice, along with other concerns. Through the modernization of the National Health Service’s treatment, care and public awareness approaches the objective is to improve the foregoing across age, gender, cultural, race, disability, locale, and religious lines, as well as being â€Å"†¦ responsive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to the needs of individuals (National Health Service, 2005). Some examples of the need to revise and modernize the system is evidenced by the following facts (National Health Service, 2005): The wives of workers in the manual class are at twice the risk factor in developing coronary heart disease and stroke than the wives of workers whose jobs are of a non-manual classification. The morbidity rate among the manual class group is also higher than in the non-manual group designation, and this group also reflects increased incidences of angina, heart attack and stroke. The disparity in come between poor and rich has widened over the previous twenty years creating a further gap in health survivability as the more affluent segment of society has been able to afford private medical care as well as increased nutritional guidance and lifestyles that promote as well as can afford more physical activity. Historical records have shown that death rates are higher in the northern locales of the United Kingdom, representing almost three times the rate for individuals over the age of sixty-five (65) in cities such as Manchester than for Richmond or Kingston. The preceding further illustrates the inequities in terms of user experience, quality of service as well as fairness/justice. The new National Health Service program sets forth that it seeks significant improvement in the following areas, all of which will enhance the indicated three examination points (National Health Service, 2005): Standards The National Health Service is aiming to establish a ‘standard of care’ that includes an invitation for individuals whom have been admitted to a hospital for coronary heart disease to participate in programs consisting of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. The preceding is aimed at reducing future risk of cardiac problems and to help them to return to a normal life. Rationale Admission to a hospital represents individuals whose condition is severe. This signals that their lifestyles to this point have consisted of various high-risk exposures, such as smoking, high cholesterol diets, and other conditions that if changed can lead to significant improvements in rehabilitation. To accomplish the preceding said patients must be analyzed and then coached concerning the lifestyle changes and modifications needed to aid them in returning to a healthier manner of living to reduce future incidents and effect recovery. The World Health Organization (1997) defines cardiac rehabilitation as consisting of a â€Å"†¦ sum of activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ that are necessary to effectively influence and identify the underlying causes of the disease to individuals through their own actions can help to effect their recovery. Through increasing the quality of service that offers comprehensive assistance that is custom tailored to their individual circumstances. The aforementioned provides the foundation to enable counseling and aiding individuals in understanding ways in which to change their lifestyle habits, as well as better understand their illness and effect the transition back to as normal and full a life as possible. The aim is to make rehabilitation â€Å"†¦ an integral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  aspect of the active as well as secondary preventive care regime. By establishing rehabilitative procedures immediately after discharge and the establishment of a long term formal program that focuses on returnin g the individual to the best health possible the government estimates a net gain of approximately  £15,700 per instance over a three year period. In the case of women, they represent one third of the individuals with coronary heart disease, yet just fifteen percent (15%) of their total utilize rehabilitative services (Green, 2000). The attention to improving the quality of service the initiative also aims at removing the disproportionate care provided that does not adequately cover rural parts of the country. Effective Interventions Participation barriers can be a result of varied causes, such as the lack of proper motivation to difficulties in attending rehabilitative sessions. In the case of women it was discovered that there was a lack of appropriate provisions, which the current modernization program seeks to correct to provide fairness as well as justice throughout the system. The foregoing also includes minority groups as well. In terms of improving the quality of service the new program consists of Four Phases (National Health Service, 2005): Phase 1 This Phase comes into effect before the discharge of an individual from the hospital, and is to be offered as a part of the acute care plan. It includes the following elements: review and assessment of psychological, physical and social needs for rehabilitation development of a written plan to meet identified needs counseling and advice on detrimental lifestyle aspects such as smoking, cholesterol, exercise, alcohol, etc. prescribing of medication and education on its proper use information concerning cardiac support groups Phase 2 As part of the early post discharge period individuals will receive the following: a comprehensive assessment of their cardiac risk which will include their psychological, social and physical needs for rehabilitation and the plan to achieve these ends lifestyle advice from trained therapists resuscitation training for members of the affected individual’s family Phase 3 This segment of the four phase plan comes into utilization four weeks after the cardiac events initial phase and consists of a series of structured exercise sessions along with ongoing access to support and advice from people trained to provide them with psychological interventions, promotion of health, exercise and associated advice. Phase 4 The final aspect of the four-tiered program that consists of: long term primary care follow up local cardiac support group involvement referrals to identified support services as initiated in Phase 1 The modernized and revised National Service Framework is a highly structured series of interlocking programs that are designed to alleviate as well as eliminate the missing components of the prior coronary heart disease plan which evolved over decades, into a comprehensive system that has been revised based upon today’s understandings. It aims to achieve coverage of all groups and categories of individuals through education, assessment, contact and a cardiac event that provides qualified, balanced and comprehensive coverage and care whose major components are as follows (National Health Service, 2005): The identification of individuals that are likely to benefit from a structured cardiac rehabilitation program before discharge from a hospital, the assessment of individual risks as well as needs, along with the development of a structured plan to achieve successful cardiac rehabilitation, the documentation and provision to deliver the proper treatment as well as advice the integration of required and agreed upon care that is weaved into the patients local network of primary and secondary treatment, preventive and related care, The experiences gained under the prior system, as well as all of the inequities have been addressed under the National Health Service’s new modernization plan that provides and sets relevant standards with effective interventions under structured service models that define and addresses the immediate priorities of each individual patient. Conclusion The scope and complexity that comprises the field of coronary heart disease makes this a subject whereby the factors inherent in its causes as well as manifestations entail equating aspects of human behavior across the entire spectrum of demographic, cultural, social and psychological realms to codify commonalities and possible associative elements that tend to explain the reasons and causes for the world’s most pervasive killer. As the field of examination represents healthcare, the core of understanding evolves an evolutionary process based upon decades of exposure, analysis and experience gained within the United Kingdom as well as on the world stage. The National Health Service has recognized the significance of the preceding and has crafted a program that seeks to build upon the known(s) within the subject field in a program that is flexible enough to improve upon itself to incorporate those aspects, considerations and new understandings that will inevitably will occur wi th new discoveries and as a result of the comprehensive data based system that will permit further modification and evolution. Thus, user experience, along with quality of service, and fairness/justice with respect to the new National Service Framework has been addressed to exclude the existing inequities and shortcomings, yet understands that it is an evolutionary process that will continue to modify and improve upon itself using past experiences along with the new framework as the foundation from which to accomplish this. The Secretary of State for Health, Alan Milburn (2000) firmly establishes the preceding in referring to the â€Å"†¦ National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as the nation’s â€Å"†¦ blueprint for tackling heart disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr. Milburn’s statement goes on to add that the new ‘Framework† is based upon the understanding and recognition of past inequities and shortcomings which this new initiative addresses, along with the understanding of â€Å"†¦ the importance of modern prevention and primary care as well as the contribution of the more specialized services.† The fact that the National Health Service has undertaken this modernization program clearly indicates that it understood and recognized the prior user experience, service quality and fairness/justice components needed considerable improvement. Regardless of how deeply one would delve into the inequities of the past, there could be an argument made for areas and points that were not covered, as the list is extensive. And no matter how comprehensive the present system is, it is an evolutionary framework that will have its own initial and ongoing issues and inequities to face as well as resolve. The difference between the two systems is that the present one was developed with the understanding that it will continue to improve upon itself as it learns from its base of past expertise. In the complex and ever changing world of medical care, the preceding is all that can be asked from its healthcare agency, with the understanding that no matter how comprehensive the plan, modern changes and developments can and will render segments as obsolete, thus the need for a built in foundation that incorporates this as its framework. The very fact that past user experience, service quality and fairness/justice had shortcomings, along with other points is the reason behind the new Framework initiative, and this in itself is a progressive view that is responsive to the needs of the populace, which is the rationale for the government’s existence. Bibliography Bonita, Ruth, M.D. 2000. Woman, Heart Disease, and Stroke: A Global Perspective. Article at The First National Conference on Woman, Heart Disease and Stroke: Science and Policy in Action. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Green, D.G., Casper, L. 2000. Delay, Denial and Dilution. IEA Health and Welfare Unit, London, the United Kingdom King, Abby, M.D. 2000. Physical Activity as a Contributor to Heart Disease in Woman. Article at The First National Conference on Woman, Heart Disease and Stroke: Science and Policy in Action. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Maguire, Peg. 2000. Coronary Heart Disease, Not for Men Only. Article at The First National Conference on Woman, Heart Disease and Stroke: Science and Policy in Action. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada National Health Service. 2005. Coronary Heart Disease. National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Modern Standards Service Models, The United Kingdom Schmeiser-Rieder, Anita, MD. 2000. Cholesterol Levels in Woman in the Western World. Article at The First National Conference on Woman, Heart Disease and Stroke: Science and Policy in Action. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada WHO MONICA Project. 2000. WHO Mortality Data Base. World Health Organization, Geneva , Switzerland World Health Organization. 1997. Annual Report. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland What is Liposuction? What is Liposuction? Liposuction – a way of getting rid of that extra fat on the body! In the busy world of today, managing time in our daily routine has become the most difficult thing to do! Because of which, people barely get time to exercise and keep themselves fit. And to add on to it, canned food exists in opulence! In a world which is ideal, Liposuction (Fat removal) would not be needed. Everyone would eat moderately, in the appropriate quantities and would exercise. But the world is far from ideal! And hence, with each passing year, Plastic Surgery for unwanted fat removal or Liposuction is becoming more and more favourite among the people! Everybody wants to look fit and healthy. Being overweight can be a factor of embarrassment and may be a social stigma. Obese (overweight) people when stigmatized, may even feel a bit low on confidence! Hence, to get rid of this embarrassment and in order to look presentable, such people seek for Liposuction/ Fat Removal treatment. Let’s find out more about this ‘Liposuction’ treatment: What exactly is Liposuction? The literary meaning of the term â€Å"Liposuction† is removal of fat from the body with help of suction. At the time of this procedure, thin, small, blunt-tipped tubes (cannula) are inserted through small incisions (cuts) in the skin. The doctor moves the tubes around under the skin to direct at specific fat deposits. The fat is thus suctioned out through these tubes. Non-surgical Liposuction: A substitute to surgical liposuction wherein different technologies are used to liquefy fat using non-invasive methods like lasers, ultrasonics and injections of chemical agents. With the advent of newer modern and improved techniques/ methods, Liposuction has become much easier, safer and less painful. These modern techniques are as following: Tumescent Liposuction: The area where the tube is to be inserted, a local anesthetic is used for numbing that particular area from where the fat is to be suctioned out. After that, a large amount of an anesthetic solution consisting of epinephrine and lidocaine is injected into the fatty tissue before suctioning out the fat. General anesthesia may not be required in this kind of procedure. Ultrasound-assisted Liposuction: In this method, ultrasound is used for liquefying the fat, thus making the fat removal easier. This kind of technique may prove beneficial in case of removing fat from the sides, upper abdomen and back. Laser-assisted Liposuction: In this method, low-energy waves are utilized for liquification of the fat, which is then removed with the help of a small cannula. The procedure is generally carried out as an outpatient procedure in a properly equipped Doctor’s office, surgical center or a hospital. Only when a large amount of fat is required to be removed from the body, an overnight hospital stay would be needed. In such a case, a deep sedation or general anesthesia with a local anesthetic may be administered. Why is it done? The chief motive behind Liposuction is to re-shape one or more regions in your body and NOT to reduce body weight. The â€Å"problem† areas which do not react to diet and exercise, are tackled by carrying out Liposuction. These areas are namely – the outer thighs and hips in case of female and the waist and the back in case of men. Also, the areas that are generally treated using Liposuction are – the face, neck, back, abdomen, upper arms, legs and buttocks. Liposuction may at times be carried out along with certain other Cosmetic Surgery procedures viz. â€Å"Tummy tuck† (Abdominoplasty), Face-Lift or Breast Reduction. A few clinical conditions may be treated with the help of Liposuction, which include the following: Abnormal enlargement of the male breasts (Gynecomastia or Pseudogynecomastia) Benign fatty tumours (Lipomas) Excessive sweating in the armpits (Axillary hyperhidrosis) Problems with fat metabolism in the body (Lipodystrophy) Liposuction is not used to get rid of Obesity. It will NOT help to clear out cellulite or stretch marks. What to anticipate after the treatment? After the procedure has been carried out, the treated area is tightly wrapped in order to diminish swelling, pain and bruising. Elastic bandages and tape, a special girdle or some type of fitting garment may be used, based on the area that has been treated. The patient may need to wear the compression garment for about 3-4 weeks. At least for the first 7-10 days, a lot of bruising and swelling is expected to occur. The fluid may evacuate from the site of incision for a few days. The patient may be prescribed antibiotics to reduce the risk of infection. After the procedure has finished, and the effect of anesthesia and sedation has been subsided, most of the patients may resume their daily activities as and when they feel comfortable. In case of larger areas undergoing liposuction, recovery may take a bit longer. Outcomes of the Surgery: When carried out in small regions on the body, Liposuction may give out the best desired results. But in case where a person regains weight after undergoing the procedure, the fatty bulges that were removed earlier are most likely to reappear or appear in another place. There may be quite notable changes observed in the body contour immediately after the surgery. It may take several months to a year for the full effects of the surgery to show up. Liposuction does not necessarily tighten the skin around the treated region. After the fat removal has been done, the skin around that region may become a bit loose. For the skin to tighten, it may take up to 6 months. In case of young people, skin retraction is faster. Every surgical procedure has its own advantages and disadvantages. And when it comes to Cosmetic Surgery, it’s no different! There are some risks that are involved with the procedure of Liposuction. Let’s have a look as to what complications may arise after the Fat Removal Surgery: If Liposuction is carried out by an experienced Cosmetic Surgeon in a well equipped surgical setup, it is usually safe. In cases, where a larger amount of area or more than one area have undergone the surgery, the chances of complications arising are more. Bruising, swelling (which is temporary), numbness and soreness in and around the region treated Minor scarring and irritation at the site of insertion of cannula Rippling or baggy skin Certain less common risks include: Uneven skin surface over the region treated Permanent change in colour of the skin Damage to the skin and the nerves, particularly in case of Ultrasound-assisted Liposuction It is very important for people to be careful and not gain extra weight after the surgery. As it may result in fat deposition in certain other parts which are deep inside the body, such as the internal organs like heart, liver etc. Such type of fat deposition can be more fatal. Dangerous risks include: Blood clots or fat clots, which may travel to the lungs (Pulmonary embolism) Excessive blood or fluid loss which may result in Shock Pulmonary edema – fluid accumulation in the lungs Toxic reaction to injected solution, particularly in cases when larger areas are treated. People who have severe heart problems, or blood clotting disorders or pregnant females should NOT undergo Liposuction procedure. Things to note: Liposuction is NOT a mean for reducing weight and it is never an alternative to exercise and a balanced diet. As a matter of fact, most of the Cosmetic Surgeons are of the opinion that the best candidates to undergo Liposuction would be healthy people who are at or very close to a healthy weight but who have stubborn fat deposit which does not respond well to exercise. Liposuction should be carried out only by an experienced Cosmetic Surgeon who is well-trained in Liposuction and knows well how to tackle the complications during surgery.

Network setup solutions :: essays research papers

WoodCarvings Inc. Solution 1: To use charter pipeline Desktop: IBM ThinkCentre A50 8148 Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.4GHz Intel Celeron †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  256MB RAM †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40GB HDD †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CD-ROM †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10/100/1000 Ethernet †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Windows XP Pro Price: $500.00 per desktop (125 users) Printer: IBM InfoPrint 1332n - printer - B/W – laser Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B/W †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  laser †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal (8.5 in x 14 in) †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A4 (8.25 in x 11.7 in) †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1200 dpi x 1200 dpi †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  up to 35 ppm †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  capacity: 350 sheets †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  USB †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10/100Base-TX Price: $1,100.00 per printer (5 printers, 20 users per printer)) 24 ports Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24-port 10/100/1000BASE-T (RJ-45) Gigabit Ethernet Web Smart managed rackmountable switch with 2 Combo SFP Expansion Slots Price: $467.00 per switch (5 switches 20 users per switch) Licensing: Select License 6.0 highlights: Microsoft Select License 6.0 provides volume licenses for medium- and large-sized businesses. With a minimum forecast of 1500 points over three years, you will receive a volume price level for each pool of products selected (Applications, Systems and Servers) based on this forecast. Each product pool within the Select License program has a point value assigned which enables customers to determine the price level for each product pool. The Symantec Elite Program is a contractual plan that allows companies to leverage your purchasing power with a consistent price band over the term of the contract. Depending on their needs, customers can choose the Commit option to immediately maximize your two year volume discounts via an up-front purchasing commitment. Or they can choose the Forecast two year purchasing model to minimize initial outlays for their licensing requirements. Total Price: Desktops: $500.00*125= $62,500.00 Printers: $1,100.00*5= $ 5,500.00 Switches $467.00*5= $2,335.00 (Also the price of charter pipeline, and your licensing) Total Price: $70.335.00 Solution 2: To use DSL We are going to use the same desktops, printers, and switches so the price will not change from solution 1, which was $70,335.00. Only difference is we are using DSL as our current ISP. Solution 3: Wireless We are going to use the same desktop as in solution 1 and 2 which was the IBM Think Centre A50 8148 which cost $500.00 per desktop (125 users) The same printer is being used also, the IBM Info Print 1332n Printer-B/W-laser which cost $1,100.

The Inmate - Original Writing :: Papers

The Inmate - Original Writing The sounds of the keys echoed across the hallway. Past each set of bars the keys rang a wanted freedom. As the keys and the guard strolled past, almost motionless bodies turned, all drawing closer to the keys. Closer, closer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ stop. The cold bars formed the wall that could not be broken. The freedom. All hands were on this wall except one. One set of hands lay quiet, still and with no movement. These hands belonged to a tall, dark-haired person, a man, and a ghost? ===================================================================== As the guard reached the end of the hallway this sly-looking being whispered, "It's mineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" Laughter spread across the cages as usual. " You on the high again, Mark?" sniggered Jon. " Wait and see, wait and see." The evil laugh that sounded after seemed to be from the movies. The voice trembled. Everyone just lay quiet. The next morning appeared as quickly as the routine it was accustomed to. The inmates were gathered for breakfast, given time outside for some exercise and then brought back to their cages. Same routine, same times, same people-but today something was different. Something was just not right. " What is it 'bout today?" questioned Henry, " It's just so strange. I can't put my finger on it". The other men nodded in agreement " Yeah, it feels like some one jus' died," replied Mark The hall filled with an uneasy silence. Mark got up and looked outside the small window, in the back of is cell he stood there gazing. He said to himself, "I've spent too long in here, 20 years of my life, 20 years for something I didn't even do." A strange voice then called, " Mark! Mark! I will set u free" he turned but nothing again the voice " Mark, Mark" still nothing. Mark turned to his fellow inmates and shouted, " Who is that? " they all looked at him blankly. He ran to the cold

Unmistakably Racist

Miami is a state of America and so thus Michigan. These two states are both progressive like any other states in America. But when one tackles about the racism that is happening in those two states, there are some things that are surprisingly odd.After reading the article written by William Booth entitled â€Å"A White Migration North from Miami,† I easily got the gist of the article which says â€Å"There is a racism that is happening in Miami.† And from that very point of the fact that racism is present there, Michigan is no doubt a good comparison with that of Miami.On my own understanding of racism, I define it as a discrimination of a superior race over the inferior ones. In the article of Booth, he cited many instances wherein the Americans feel that they are being discriminated because of the fact that their population is clearly a minority in the state.It seems that wherever they go, even in malls, food chains or government institutions, the people are Spanish s peakers. They really feel that the place is not theirs anymore because of the massive invasion of the Spanish speaking people. To make the racism clear enough, I want to conclude from what Booth says in the article, that whoever holds the most population, they are the ones who are more likely rule the place just like what happened in Miami.It is true that there is a reverse racism in Miami. Americans usually think that they are the superior race. But in the case of Miami, Spanish speaking people become the superior class because of their increasing numbers. In Michigan, Americans still reign the seat of superior class.Tracing back the history, the White Americans were discriminating the Black Americans. One good example of it was the way the students were treated. According to Zbrozek of The Daily Michigan, blacks, unlike the whites, were not allowed to attend dance classes and to use swimming pools.He also said that blacks were also not enjoying the rights of white students to join political activities in school. The discrimination of whites towards the blacks is very evident.Nowadays, there was still some racism that is happening in Michigan but not that bad like before just like what   Monique Luse said because as what Isaac Curtis in the article written by Jeff Barr that a good man is no doubt a good man no matter what his color and race. And Black Americans have already proven their worth in the society.I think my point is now clear enough. Booth is right. The majority wins over the minority and in this case, it is not an exemption. Are you the one who is discriminating someone or the one who is being discriminated? If you are the racist one, have you ever wondered if discriminating people are good habit to do?What if you go to a place where you and your class are being discriminated because of the apparent fact that you are a minority group of people in that particular place? Do you think you will feel good? Come to think of it as early as now. You wil l never know what will be the twist of fate do unto you.Works CitedBooth, William. A White Migration North from Miami. The World is a Text.Sliverman , Jonathan. Rader, Dean. 9 November 1998. Washington Post Staff Writer.  Ã‚   28   June 2008.< http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf-whiteflight.html>Zbrozek, Chris. Confronting the racism in Michigan’s history. The Michigan Daily.11 April  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007.Barr, Jeff.   Society taught lessons of racism. Michigan News. 14 February 2008. Luse, Monique. Telephone Interview. 2 January 2002.   

Narrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield Essay

â€Å"Whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do it well; whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself completely; in great aims and in small I have always thoroughly been in earnest.† Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens is considered as one of the greatest writers of all times. His fluid language, the wise mind, the great writing technique, the sharp eye, made his works survive for more than 150 years. He is the author of more than twenty novels. All of them very appreciated from- book lovers- since the time they were written until nowadays and, with great chance that they will be read and appreciated in the centuries that will come. The purpose of this diploma thesis is the comparison of narrative techniques of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†. â€Å"Oliver Twist† belongs to the first years of Dickens’s literary works.1 It was very successful since its first edition but, the critics don’t list it as one of the most valuable works of Dickens.2 â€Å"David Copperfield† comes after twelve years of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and it is considered as one of the most achieved works of Charles Dickens. Dickens himself considers David as â€Å"his favorite child†.3 Speaking from the perspective of the narration, as the study will demonstrate, these two novels belong to different forms of narration. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is narrated by third person narrator. In construction is considered simpler than â€Å"David Copperfield†. The narrator of â€Å"David Copperfield† is David himself meaning that the story is told by the main hero. This typ e of narration is a first person narration. However I will discuss about this in more details during the thesis. 2. Biography of Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity and fame than had any previous author during his lifetime, and he remains popular, having been responsible for some of English literature’s most iconic novels and characters4. He was born at Landport in Portsea on Friday, the seventh of February, 1812.5 Charles was the son of John, a clerk in the navy-pay office and Lady Elizabeth Barrow. From the early years of his childhood, he hade to face the life of hardships and difficulties due to his father’s failure in maintaining the family. At the age of twelve he had to quit school because his family was being held into debtor’s prison. When he was fifteen he became a clerk in a law firm and later worked as a newspaper reporter. He published his first fiction in 1836 – a series of character sketches called Sketches by Boz. The work was well-received, but its reception was nothing compared to the international acclaim he received with the publication of The Pickwick Papers in the following year. 6 After this early blush of success, Dickens took on the job as editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, a literary magazine in which a number of his early works were serialized, including Oliver Twist (1837-9) and Nicholas Nickleby (1838-9). He left to begin his own literary magazine, Master Humphrey’s Clock, in 1840, and over the next ten years published many of his most famous novels in serial form, including The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1), A Christmas Carol (1844), and David Copperfield (1849-50), perhaps the most autobiographical of all his novels. He made his first visit of USA in 1842. He had taken trips in other places like France, Italy and Switzerland but always returning to his home. His journeys abroad influenced him a lot in his work. Other works were serialized in Household Words between 1850 and 1859, which was then succeeded by All the Year Round, which he edited until his death in 1870, publishing such novels as A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1860-1), and Our Mutual Friend (1864-5). A workaholic to the end, Dickens died of a stroke in 1870 after having penned a chapter of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, his final (and unfinished) novel, the previous day.7 Although Dickens is distingu ished for his great capability in writing fiction, in his bibliography are included also various poems. Some of them are8: A Child’s hymn, A fine Old English Gentelman, Lucy’s Song, The Ivy Green, Little Nell’s Funeral etc. Dickens has produced a great treasure for the British literature. His novels have challenged the time and today are still present to impress every book lover. 3. Oliver Twist 3.1. Plot 1 of the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† is the second book of Charles Dickens. As in many of his novels, the author here also displays the difficulties of young children in the English society of XIX century. The story is about an orphan who has to live a life of hardships since the day he was born. When he is at the age of nine he works at a workhouse but after his promiscuous begging â€Å"Please sir, I want some more!† he is taken out the workhouse. After the work house he was hired to an undertaker but from the ill treatment that he undergoes there he is forced to escape. The poor child goes to London with the hope that things will get better in his life but there too he encounters many difficulties and meets people who want to take advantage of his innocence. However, the luck hasn’t completely abandoned him since he meets some good hearted people who take care of him and help him discover the mystery of his birth and find out who were his parents All the adventures of the book end happily. The bad guys pay their dues and the good ones find the tranquility and happiness. This is a very brief recount of the plot since the analysis will be focused in the narration and narrators point of view. 3.2. Narrative form From the first paragraph of the novel the reader can notice that the narrator speaks in third person: â€Å"Although I am not disposed to maintain that the being born in a workhouse, is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can possibly befall a human being, I do mean to say that in this particular instance, it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that could by possibility have occurred. The fact is, that there was considerable difficulty in inducing Oliver to take upon himself the office of respiration,–a troublesome practice, but one which custom has rendered necessary to our easy existence; and for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally poised between this world and the  next: the balance being decidedly in favour of the latter.† (O.T.; Pg.4; Ch.I )9. A third person narration means that the story is recounted from someone outside the book, meaning that he/she is not a character in the book but, is able to â€Å"observe† the story from distance. To confirm this I will show some passages which the narrator uses to tell that he is the teller of the story: â€Å"That Oliver Twist was moved to resignation by the example of these good people, I cannot, although I am his biographer, undertake to affirm with any degree of confidence; but I can most distinctly say, that for many months he continued meekly to submit to the domination and ill-treatment of Noah Claypole.† (O.T.; Pg.37; Ch. VI)10 3.3. The influence of narrator in reader’s image Although the narrator is objective in most of his narration, when describing some characters he sides a little to influence the readers image about that character. When describing Noah Calypole his tone takes features of disgust and dislike. The narrator did this because his intention was to influence the reader’s opinion about the character: â€Å"With this, Mr. Claypole administered a kick to Oliver, and entered the shop with a dignified air, which did him great credit. It is difficult for a large-headed, small-eyed youth, of lumbering make and heavy countenance, to look dignified under any circumstances; but it is more especially so, when superadded to these personal attractions are a red nose and yellow smalls.† (O.T.; Pg. 29; Ch.V).11 This happens also when the reader is introduced with Fagin, Bill Sikes and all other evil characters. When the reader first meets Fagin besides the repulsive description of the character also the place where he lives appears as dirty and gloomy: â€Å"Oliver, groping his way with one hand, and having the other firmly grasped by his companion, ascended with much difficulty the dark and broken st airs: which his conductor mounted with an ease and expedition that showed he was well acquainted with them. He threw open the door of a back-room, and drew Oliver in after him. The walls and ceiling of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. There was a deal table before the  fire: upon which were a candle, stuck in a ginger-beer bottle, two or three pewter pots, a loaf and butter, and a plate.†12 Influencing the readers image is a trick from narrators part that he also uses in order to make ground for the image the reader is about to create for a positive character.: When the narrator describes Mr. Bronlown he makes a very pleasant description of him. â€Å"The old gentleman was a very respectable-looking personage, with a powdered head and gold spectacles. He was dressed in a bottle-green coat with a black velvet collar; wore white trousers; and carried a smart bamboo cane under his arm.† (O.T. ;Pg.61;Ch.X).13 At some characters the narrator is a bit satirical. For example when he describes Mr. Bumble he is trying to make him look ridiculous in the reader’s eyes: â€Å"Now, Mr. Bumble was a fat man, and a choleric; so, instead of responding to this openhearted salutation in a kindred spirit, he gave the little wicket a tremendous shake, and then bestowed upon it a kick which could have emanated from no leg but a beadle’s.† ( O.T.; Pg.8; Ch.2).14 When the narrator refers to Billie Sikes, he in the beginning refers to him as â€Å"the man†. After Billie commits the burglary it is revealed what he does and after this the narrator refers to him as â€Å"the thief†. At the end when he murders Nancy the narrator addresses to him as â€Å"the murderer†. The narrator labels this character with the crimes that he makes. This seems to happen because the story teller wants to inform the reader exactly with the features of that personage. In order to mark the characters of Fagin, Billie, Artful Dodger, and all the other members of the gang as â€Å"the bad ones†, the narrator makes their language rude and informal. When the narrator constructs their dialogues he uses the street slang, so the characters appear uneducated and ignorant. There are passages where the story teller represents the innocence of Oliver by making the reader understand some situations that Oliver is not able to. â€Å" ‘Not so heavy as they might be,’ said the Jew, after looking at the insides carefully; ‘but very neat and nicely made. Ingenious workman, ain’t he, Oliver? ‘Very indeed, sir,’ said Oliver. At which Mr. Charles Bates laughed uproariously; very much to the amazement of Oliver, who saw nothing to laugh at, in anything that had passed.† (O.T. ; Pg.56; Ch.IX).15 3.4. Narrator’s point of view It is true that the hero of this book is a child and the story is constructed by the adventures that happen to him but, when Dickens wrote the book he also used it to show his points of view about the social live in England. At the beginning of the chapter II he describes the conditions that the parish children live. The reader can observe that his tone is very satirical but at the same time sad. He mocks with his satire the condition in which the Parish authorities lead the place. In the other hand he uses his language of sorrow when he describes how children suffer there. †The hungry and destitute situation of the infant orphan was duly reported by the workhouse authorities to the parish authorities. The parish authorities inquired with dignity of the workhouse authorities, whether there was no female then domiciled in ‘the house’ who was in a situation to impart to Oliver Twist, the consolation and nourishment of which he stood in need. The workhouse authorities replied with humility, that there was not.† (O.T. ; Pg.7; Ch.II).16 The narrator makes the reader notice the broken system of justice in Victorian England. Throughout the chapter XI are constructed scenes in which the author with his satirical humor r represents the dysfunction of court at that time in England. In â€Å"Oliver Twist† Dickens tries to fight the mentality of people who consider themselves above others 17.Dickens had suffered because of these kinds of people. And he speaks from his heart when he recounts the suffering of the little boy. In this novel, besides the interesting plot the reader can see the point of view and the concern of the narrator about many social problems that in reality were the point of view and the concern of Dickens himself. The critics don’t classify the novel amongst the most valuable works of Dickens but, it surely plays a great part in the success of the author as well known writer.18 4. David Copperfield 4.1. Quick analysis of the plot. â€Å"I am within three pages of the shore; and am strangely divided, as usual in such cases, between sorrow and joy. Oh, my dear Forster, if I were to say half of what Copperfield makes me feel to-night, how strangely, even to you, I should be turned inside out! I seem to be sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World.†19 I initiate the analysis of David Copperfield by these lines from the author himself, to demonstrate what his work meant to him. And this is not casual because Dickens, by Copperfield, has sent a part of his life to the readers. â€Å"David Copperfield† is regarded as an autobiographical book of Charles Dickens. His life and that of David have many similarities.20 His childhood of hardship, the work at wine house, later the work as reporter and in the end his life as a successful writer resemble very much the adventures of the main character in the novel. Despite these passages in â€Å"David Copperfield†, the author has also built some of the characters basing on people that really existed in his life. An example of this is Mr. Micawber who is a personification of Charles father (he also ended up in debtor’s prison), Dora who resembles Dickens’ first love etc. The domestic problems that Charles encountered during his lifetime are also disclosed in this novel. David Copperfield is considered one of Dickens’ most highly achieved works. He personally, in one of his Letter to John Forster states that: â€Å"David remains his favorite child†21 However â€Å"David Copperfield† is not just a pure autobiography. Alongside the facts that relate the life of the author with that of the main character, inside the book are discussed and treated many social problems of the Victorian England. This brief introduction of the plot serves only to have an idea about the novel because as I previously mentioned the theme of the thesis is the comparison of narration and the point of view of the narrator. 4.2. Narrative form To discuss about the narration I will start with the first lines of the novel. â€Å"Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show†22 These are the first lines of â€Å"David Copperfield† and those are the ones that intrigue the reader to continue his adventure with the book. However, despite the intriguing role, these lines also serve to show the reader who is telling the story. The story teller is the protagonist, a data which will be elaborated throughout this paper work When David recounts the story of his birth at the beginning of the novel he tells it as he heard it from others who were there at that moment. â€Å"To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night.†23 It is impossible for anyone to remember the moment of his/her one birth so the narrator begins the recount of his life from what he was told. But he uses the dialogue of Mrs. Coppe rfield and Miss Betsy to tell the story. The narrator does this improvisation of the situation to introduce the reader with stories that happened before he was born. The first chapter is constructed this way. In the second chapter David starts being conscious about his surroundings. â€Å"The first objects that assume a distinct presence before me, as I look far back, into the blank of my infancy, are my mother with her pretty hair and youthful shape, and Peggotty with no shape at all, and eyes so dark that they seemed to darken their whole neighbourhood in her face, and cheeks and arms so hard and red that I wondered the birds didn’t peck her in preference to apples.† (D.C. ; Pg. 20 Ch. II).24 Here are shown the first glimpses of narrators understanding of the world. However, we can notice a childish perspective from the narrator. This happens because the narrator tried to show to the reader exactly how he felt and thought at that time as a child. He narrates the story from the child’s point of view in order that the reader can understand better the character of David. When Dickens wrote the novel he was about thirty eight years old.25 However his tone of narration is different in the course of the novel. The tone is different in the sense of maturity of the narrator. Further one I will discus about this side of narration. As I noted previously, in the beginning the tone is very childish and his thoughts are those of a little boy. When the narrator wrote the novel he appears to be middle age man, still, he narrates the story from the eyes of a child. At the end of chapter XIV the tone of the narrator calms down a bit. The narrator creates this atmosphere to indicate that David’s hardships as a child are over and now he feels safe. By this tone of narration Charles wants to transmit to the reader that the live of David will take a new turn, probably a better turn. He is saying farewell to the difficulties of little David’s life. However new challenges expect him in the further chapters. With the passing of chapters the narrator/ David grows up and matures. This means that his capacity of thinking and analyzing things matures together with him. So in further chapters we find David more attentive and more aware about his surroundings. At the beginning of the novel he was presented to us a sm art child also, always paying attention to things, but now he has a sharper look toward things: â€Å"How miserable I was, when I lay down! How I thought and thought about my being poor, in Mr. Spenlow’s eyes; about my not being what I thought I was, when I proposed to Dora; about the chivalrous necessity of telling Dora what my worldly condition was, and releasing her from her engagement if she thought fit; about how I should contrive to live, during the long term of my articles, when I was earning nothing; about doing something to assist my aunt, and seeing no way of doing anything; about coming down to have no money in my pocket, and to wear a shabby coat, and to be able to carry Dora no little presents, and to ride no gallant greys, and to show myself in no agreeable light!† (D.C. ;Pg 470-;Ch. XXXV).26 After the death of Dora we can notice a more serious tone of the narrator. (D.C.; Ch. LIII). It is like the narrator is trying to say that this loss has opened a new vision for David to see how life really is, difficult and unfair. This loss makes him reflect and though the pain didn’t kill him made  him stronger, and stronger we will find him in the next chapters. 4.3. The building of the characters The narrator does not give his opinions about the character because by the way he describes them he lets the reader to have his/her one imagine about those characters. By the dialogue that Miss Betsey and Mrs. Copperfield have, it is possible for the reader to understand many details about these two characters. The reader creates the image of Mrs. Copperfield by the words she says and the decisions she makes. The narrator only shows the way he feels about her but doesn’t impose his feelings to the reader. This also happens when the reader meets Peggottty. The narrator introduces the reader only with the physical description of the character. To understand the personage better we have to pay attention to her thoughts and attitudes. However, the narrator does not behave the same with all characters. When David first meets Uriah his description takes tones of repulsiveness and disgust. It was quite as cadaverous as it had looked in the window, though in the grain of it there was that tinge of red which is sometimes to be observed in the skins of red-haired people. It belonged to a red-haired person – a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older – whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony’s head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise.(Pg. 20; Ch.XV).27 In the other hand the to ne of the narrator when he meets Agnes is very pleasant and is noticed a sort of admiration for her. On her face, I saw immediately the placid and sweet expression of the lady whose picture had looked at me downstairs. It seemed to my imagination as if the portrait had grown womanly, and the original remained a child. Although her face was quite bright and happy, there was a tranquillity about it, and about her – a quiet, good, calm spirit – that I never have forgotten; that I shall never forget. This was his little housekeeper, his daughter Agnes, Mr. Wickfield  said. (D.C.; Pg.213; Ch. XV).28 The author does this in order to influence the reader’s image about the characters features and what inform previously the reader what to expect form that character. 4.4. The placing of the narrator In about 900 pages of â€Å"David Copperfield† are shown also stories of other personages besides that of David. In order to continue telling the story in the first person, Dickens uses various maneuvers to make this possible. In cases when describing a situation where the narrator wasn’t present he uses the confession of another character. ‘On the last night, in the evening, she kissed me, and said: â€Å"If my baby should die too, Peggotty, please let them lay him in my arms, and bury us together.† (It was done; for the poor lamb lived but a day beyond her.) â€Å"Let my dearest boy go with us to our resting-place,† she said, â€Å"and tell him that his mother, when she lay here, blessed him not once, but a thousand times.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (D.C. ; Pg131 Ch. IX).29 He describes these situations by dialogue with him and that character. Another situation is when only a specific character tells the story and in some other passages David interferes in tha t narration by adding his impressions about that situation. In these situations the narrator also analyzes the event by his point of view. The reader can encounter some parts in the novel where the narrator is not involved in a situation but, for the sake of narration he â€Å"places† himself in that event as a spectator: â€Å"I said something to the effect that it was a lady whom I had seen before, in a few words, to my conductress; and had scarcely done so, when we heard her voice in the room, though not, from where we stood, what she was saying.† (D.C. ; Pg. 668; Ch. XLVII).30 In order to tell how Uriah Heep and Mr. Littimer ended up, Charles makes a smart move where he invents a visit to the prison where these two were paying for their crimes (Ch LX).  Another smart move of the narrator is as well the chapter when Mr. Peggotty visits David and recounts him how the emigrants are doing in the far land of Australia. The narrator â€Å"puts† the correspondence into Mr. Peggotty’s pocket  (D.C.; Ch. LXII). Due to this correspondence David is able to tell the story by his own words. In this way the narration though not about David, still remains in the first person. 4.5. Different approaches toward situations When analyzing his point of view about things that happened, there are different approaches from narrator’s part. From time to time, while rummaging into his past, the narrator reveals that he has the same feelings about a specific situation or person. â€Å"I fell at once into a solitary condition, – apart from all friendly notice, apart from the society of all other boys of my own age, apart from all companionship but my own spiritless thoughts, – which seems to cast its gloom upon this paper as I write. (D.C. ;Pg. 146; Ch. X).31 But, there are other parts in the book where the narrator now recounts the story with a different approach towards that situation from the moment when it occurred. It seems like the time has passed and the narrator’s attitude toward some things and ideas has changed, which is a natural thing to happen. â€Å"They did just what they liked with me; and wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell, with a certainty I blush to think of, the more especially, as in my juvenile frankness, I took some credit to myself for being so confidential a nd felt that I was quite the patron of my two respectful entertainers.† (Pg. 243;Ch XVII).32 Being an autobiography the author has still some remembrances about how he felt when he witnessed some events. So, when he remembers the past he also describes the sensation that he experienced at that time. â€Å"There was a trembling upon her, that I can see now. The coldness of her hand when I touched it, I can feel yet.† (D.C. ; Pg. 413; Ch. XVV).33 It looks like he is living that moment and he is addressing it directly to the reader. At some passages the narrator laments some decisions that he took and now that he writes the story he has a different point of view about those decisions. I was a boyish husband as to years. † I had known the softening influence of no other sorrows or experiences than those recorded in these leaves. If I  did any wrong, as I may have done much, I did it in mistaken love, and in my want of wisdom. I write the exact truth. It would avail me nothing to extenuate it now.† ( D.C. ;Pg.602; Ch. XLIV).34 4.6. The revelation of the narrator The chapter â€Å"Tempest† is very important in the narrative sense. At the beginning the author states that the things that he is writing at this stage don’t have very much time that has occurred: â€Å"I now approach an event in my life, so indelible, so awful, so bound by an infinite variety of ties to all that has preceded it, in these pages, that, from the beginning of my narrative, I have seen it growing larger and larger as I advanced, like a great tower in a plain, and throwing its fore-cast shadow even on the incidents of my childish days.† (D.C. ;Pg. 731; Ch LV).35 Besides this fact, the narrator also confirms that this is the story of his life and he is approaching the end of his narration. Another detail in this chapter about the narration is that David places himself in the region where the tempest happened. This is a way of making possible the continuance of the narration in the first person: â€Å"We came to Ipswich – very late, having had to fight every inch of ground since we were ten miles out of London; and found a cluster of people in the market-place, who had risen from their beds in the night, fearful of falling chimneys.†36 Four chapters of the novel, called â€Å"Retrospect† are narrated in the present tense. It looks like he is living these moments at the time the he is writing. Those lines have something poetic in them. They flow like a river from narrator’s pen and the reader is the sea that receives them (D.C.chap. XVII, XLIII, LIII, LXIV). 5. Similarities between Oliver Twist and David Copperfield It is a failure to try to draw a parallel between the forms of narration of these two novels because, â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield† in the narrative form, are two contrary poles. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is recounted from the third person narrator whereas â€Å"David Copperfield† belongs to the first  person narrator. But, if we dig into the depths of the subjects, the reader can find many similarities, which represent the point of view of the narrator. Dickens lived in a time where the society in England had many disorders and inequalities. Some of them are discussed in both novels. In both novels the main characters are children. With the difficulties these characters are challenged, the narrator tries to present the difficult life that orphan children have to go through. By his satirical tone Dickens addresses his narration to the ear of authorities who were responsible for those children. But this was not only an appeal for the authorit ies who were responsible for those children but also for the society in general to be more attentive and show more compassion for those children. Dickens also represents the difficult conditions in which those children were obliged to work in order to survive. Dickens, with the portrait of these two characters, arouses the voice for the poor law about the children’s labor. He not only questions the poor law but, also puts a question mark whether the children should work at all. The atrocities that Oliver suffers in the undertakers shop and, the difficult job of David in the wine house illustrate Dickens concerns about that matter. Suffering in his flesh the life of hardships as a child, the author was really concerned about this. I can say that the author writes with personal references about this matter. The other subject that Dickens treats in both novels is (if I can name it like this) the immoral women. The moral of women was a delicate subject in the era of Victorian England but, Dickens finds a way to treat this matter with much careful in both novels. The author does not prejudice them, just the contrary he treats them as human beings and explains the reason why those women decided to take the path of immorality. In Oliver Twist the character of Nancy is indicated to be a prostitute. The narrator never states this but, indirectly, all the description of this girl can lead the reader to that conclusion. Even in these circumstances the author manages to have the Victorian’s reader attention without offending him or her. By the portrait of Nancy, the author explains the reason how some of these women have no choice but to take the life of sin. She was an orphan with no one to love or take care of her. To survive she had to do what she could. The character of Nancy is presen ted in both sides of the medal. She was  living a life of shame however, she shows her good heart when she tries to help Oliver escape. Anyway, although the narrator somehow justifies her decision and makes the reader pity her, he makes her pay for the live she led. And the best way to do this was by not letting her live anymore. In â€Å"David Copperfield† are two women who â€Å"torment† the society with their indecency. The first one is Emily who abandonees her fiancà © in order to climb the higher class of the society and become a lady. However, she shows her repentance from the beginning in her letter of goodbye. This way even though she committed an immorality she was not presented as a monstrous person. However in the end, the author convicts her with the isolated life in Australia and although she becomes a worthy member of society in the far land, she is destined to live alone. The second character is Martha. She is an orphan also and she falls into the life of sin. Just like Nancy in Oliver Twist the author never mentions the word to label her but, every reference to her leads that she is a prostitute. The author makes the reader feel sorry for her and maybe forgive her when she helps David find Emily. The author rewards her with a new life in Australia and a descent husband. Previously in the research I have mentioned the way in which the narrator describes the characters ( Pg. 6, 11). Since I have elaborated this above I will not deal in detail with it here. I will just show briefly that the form is the same in both novels. At some characters the narrator uses their dialogue to show their characteristics. In some cases the narrator uses his own thoughts to influence the reader’s image towards certain character. Dickens has used both methods in both novels so I can consider this as a similarity between these two objects of my research. Being written by the same author it is very probable that these two novels have much more in common besides the points which I have mentioned. However, they do not belong to the subject of my research. 6. Conclusion In this thesis I have tried to compare the base on which these two novels are constructed, the narration. These novels belong to two different narrations. â€Å"David Copperfield† is considered as a masterpiece whereas â€Å"Oliver Twist† is not so much distinguished. However, speaking in the plain of popularity they both are at the same level. Due to the images the narrator uses the reader feels sorry for the way Oliver was brought up. The famous expression that the hunger forces the poor boy to utter â€Å"Please sir, I want some more! â€Å", has the power to make a reader cry from compassion. Because of the fluid language with which the narrator pictures the beautiful landscapes, the reader runs from his reading place to those landscapes. The accurate description of characters and their smart construction of dialogues create in the reader’s mind a perfect image for each character. Narration is the essential column in the construction of a novel. It is the key to make the reader cry from sorrow, feel repulsive from the disgust or make him/her feel the fresh air of meadows and sense the odor of roses. Dickens had the talent to create all these effects in his novels but not only. Due to his kind and humble heart we are able to see the things from a poor little boy perspective and feel the irony with which he describes those people who look down on others. Because of Dickens’s sharp eye the reader is able to observe Uriah’s bad intentions. The city of London comes to our room because of his accurate description of it. Despite their different forms of narration Dickens in both of the novels has treated some similar subjects. In both novels are displayed the suffering of two boys in the conditions of Victorian England. The hard conditions in which children are allowed to work, the morality of women the function of courts are some of them. When I read these novels except the satisfactory function that the art of literature can give you, I was introduced to new horizons of thinking and analyzing things. During the research I have read many appreciations that critics have addressed to Dickens. And, after I read and analyzed some of his novels I could not do more but strongly agree with those critics. Bibliography 1. Dickens, Charles, Oliver Twist, Web-Books.com 2. Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield, Project Gutenberg (2006) 3. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (2011) 4. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. II, Cambridge University Press (2011) 5. Chesterton, G., K. Appreciation and Criticism of the Works of Charles Dickens, Gutenberg Project

Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up

Title: DNA analysis Aim: a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives: * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify DNA by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to compare the different DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markersAbstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several steps are taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA can be separate d into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis.The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after running the gel. DNA analysis is a standard practice for defining paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is mainly used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S.R; 1998). Nucleic acids encode information relating to cell structure and function. Cells have the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5` carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1` position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F; 2002).Isolation of nucleic acid – three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more hydrophobic (Allison L.A; 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer; 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K; 2006).Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K; 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective mediu m and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein; however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials Used * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 24:1 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 1:1 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl: 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) : 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried out the following procedures: Used two 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4’C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet weight of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvest ed the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min.Added 1000Â µL of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500Â µl of SDS. Gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear.Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4’C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order; 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments.However we could not spool the DNA out of sol ution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers.After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is helpful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K; 2009).Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate.Salts such as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012; sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent.It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J; 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for ‘sodium dodecyl sulfate' is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes.This will helped t he cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R; 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M.F; 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis: When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. L oading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P.K, 2006; loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might have been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow c olleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometimes left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer.Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan.R, (1998), Biotechnology: An introduction, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York; MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), M icrobiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd edition; New York; MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYName Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 2:1 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis