Rhetoric Analysis

English 103 Rhetorical Analysis Authors Becky Herz, and Kim Phuc wrote essays that not only touched hearts, but also made people take a different look at life and those around them. â€Å"The Long Road to Forgiveness† and â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† are two essays that use literary devices such as pathos, imagery, ethos, and repetition to effectively tell their stories. By using different rhetorical and literary devices in their writing they were able to make an impact with their words. Words are very powerful weapons in the battle of making a point and trying to make sure that people actually understand that same point.In Herz’s â€Å"My Husband Will Call Tomorrow† she was able to use repetition as well as visual devices to effectively tell her story. Her use of these devices allows the reader to be able to connect and see things from her level. Phuc’s essay on the other hand, was able to evoke gut-wrenching emotion, just using devices such as imagery and details about to make her story credible. Becky Herz’s essay, â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† contains credibility in her use of certain details about how her life is laid out now that her husband is not at home.Her use of repetition through the essay, stating that, â€Å"I believe my husband is going to call me tomorrow† is very effective. The author states this through the essay multiple times. This can be interpreted in a way where one can come to believe that she is just stating a fact. Over and over she states that her husband is going to call her; this shows that she has hope, faith, and is determined that her husband will indeed call her tomorrow. Herz gives detail about how she puts the baby to bed, walks the dogs, checks on her employees; this expresses how she does indeed â€Å"have her hands full† and establishes her credibility.By going through her everyday life, this reveals that hope and belief that nothing is out of the ordinary. Through detailing the actions and evoking the emotion behind it, she makes her story more credible and emotional. The reader can actually believe that she does have hope and believe her husband will call her. If she really did not believe that her husband would call, would she keep her usual routine? Or would she just wallow in the idea that she will never see him again? Her use of repetition helped make her essay touching and believable. In Kim Phuc’s essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Forgiveness† she does not tell a story.She states the facts about everything that happened to her when she was younger giving the story an emotional effect. She described in intricate detail about how she saw everything around her in flames. â€Å"I saw fire everywhere around me. Then I saw fire over my body, especially on my left arm. My clothes had been burned off my body† (Phuc 179). Not only did this statement help provoke the emotion in her story, but it also cr eated imagery for the audience. Her word choice allows the audience to visualize the fire everywhere around her, burning off her clothes and everything around her. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent StaplesHer words further on in the essay help form her credibility in the forgiveness that she is trying to provoke upon the reader. Still, her story is so detailed and thought provoking to feel some time of emotion for what has happened to her is unavoidable. As her essay goes on, never in the beginning or the middle does she state exactly what caused all the damage around her; Phuc saves the fact that she was burned by napalm until the very end of the essay. By just giving details about what happened instead of stating that fact first and then elaborating on it, allowed the essay to have a more emotional impact on the reader.By finalizing what exactly caused all this damage to her physical being, stating how â€Å"Napalm is very powerful, but faith, forgiveness, and love are much more powerful† (Phuc 180), she made her story that much more credible. Especially when she reiterates how is â€Å"If that little girl in the picture can do it (forgive), ask yourself: Can you? † (Phuc 181). Both Becky Herz and Kim Phuc were able to use emotion in their writing and make their essays credible by using details that forced the reader to actually sit back and think about what they were reading.For instance, in Herz’s essay, just how she wrote about how she went through her day waiting for her husband to call her, it was almost as if she was just writing a note to a friend. Her diction created a relaxed tone though she was talking about something that was anything but that. She didn’t write it like she was trying to make the reader feel sorry for her; she was just revealing that she had hope by going through her everyday routine. â€Å"When people say, ‘Looks like you have your hands full,’ I’ll smile and acknowledge that its true, but I make the nest of it because I believe my husband will call me tomorrow† (Herz 110).Phuc organized her essay the same way. She did not ask for any type of pity in her writing in how she wrote it; the facts about what happened were simply stated. From the very first sentence, â€Å"On June 8, 1972, I ran out from Cao Dai temple in my village, Trang Bang, South Vietnam, I saw an airplane getting lower and then four bombs falling down† (Phuc 179), information was given but pity was not requested. She told what happened, and how from it, her life changed drastically; this unknowingly pulls emotion from the reader, and helps establish even more credibility. The Long Road to Forgiveness† and â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† are two essays that use literary devices such as pathos, imagery, ethos, and repetition to effectively tell their stories and create an essay where the audience can establish understandings and connections. From Phuc’s essay the reader can visualize almost every single detail that she writes about because the words themselves are so vivid. The reader can see the bombs falling out of the sky as they skim over the words. Becky Herz and Kim Phuc’s essays in This I Believe II are two perfect examples of these literary devices fundamentally being put to use.

Globalization Process

Globalization is the process which unites nations, societies and traditions through a worldwide system of communication, transportation and trade. Globalization is usually used as an easy way of spreading the technologies, production, and communication across the globe. It also involves the flow of thoughts and technologies. Due to globalization, regions are coming closer to each other. Globalization is not only modernization but it is the amplification of global social affairs which connect different locations in such a manner that local activities are bent by activities happening miles away (Steger, 2010).Thus, globalization has very strong economic, governmental, educational and social dimensions. According to ‘Malcolm Waters’ in his book ‘Globalization’, globalization is defined as, â€Å" the intensification of world- wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away a nd vice versa. This is dialectical process because such local happenings may move in an obverse direction from the very distanciated relations that shape them.Local transformation is as much a part of globalization as the lateral extension of social connections across time and space† (Waters, 2001, pg. 5). Globalisation is the way by which people, companies and government of different nations integrate and interact with each other. The process of globalisation has effects on the cultures, atmosphere, governmental systems, economic developments, wealth and on individual’s physical comfort in nations all around the globe.Globalisation is the process by which normal life around the globe is noticeable by calibration of communication, transportation, financial activity, Ecological and social interdependence. Globalisation has many positive effects opening up gaps of opportunities and economic prosperity to the developing countries but globalisation also has a harmful side w ith negative effects. In this assignment, I will discuss few positive and negative effects of globalisation.According to researchers and intellectuals, modern age led to the foundation of globalisation but most scholars say that globalisation is not new and its origin can be traced back to the early civilization. For centuries, people have been trading to each other at great distances. Third millennium B. C. was the ancient form of globalisation. At that t time the trade link was among Sumerian civilization and Indus valley civilization. After that era, there were many events where trade connections were made connecting several countries like, Greece, Egypt, Roman Empire, India, etc.The attractiveness of the trade links led to the expansion of different trade routes. In 19th century, industrial revolution took place which was a significant time in the record of globalisation (Boudreaux, 2008). This was the period when Muslim dealers and Jewish started going to different locations al l around the globe to sell a variety of products which led to the combination of thoughts and customs. This revolution led to improved trade and business dealings. Due to enhanced goods and colonization, many nations all around the world became the customer of European market.However, the period of pre globalisation came to an end after World War 1. The effects of conflict were very adverse which led to the Great Depression. The time between 1850’s and 1940’s witnessed the acceleration of worldwide set of connections and cultural flows, dominated by European powers. By the mid of the nineteenth century quick developments in communication and transportation technologies like, radio, telephones, railways, shipping, telegraphy, etc took place. Globalisation has a comparatively new thought and idea that the world has been implementing.There are many positive effects of globalisation which are very advantageous for everybody in all countries. Globalisation has been the most successful affluence and anti-poverty movement in modern history. Following mentioned are some of the positive effects of globalisation on so various demographic segments of society. The most noticeable positive effect of globalisation is the improved and better quality of goods due to global competition. ‘Customer is the king’ approach to production has led to the improved quality of goods and services.Because Domestic companies have to struggle out foreign competition, they are bound to lift their standards and customer satisfaction levels to survive in the market (Stiglitz, 2007). When an international brand comes in a new country, it comes in travelling on some goodwill and concern which it has to survive up to. This establishes competition and ‘survival of the fittest’ situation in the market. Due to globalisation, various companies have entered into the developing countries and therefore generated employment for the citizens.This factor has given an opportunity to invest in the rising market and tap up the talent available there. Globalisation increases job opportunities as new firms start functioning in different countries; hence it increases living standards of people (Suarez & Qin, 2004). Usually there is a lack of capital in developing countries which obstructs the growth of domestic companies and so employment. In such cases globalisation plays an important role in obtaining profitable employment opportunities. Globalisation greatly affects the global economy and the impact of foreign trade on economy is very immense.Comparative benefit has always been a factor even in the history. Trade has been institutionalised due to globalisation (Bhagwati, 2007). Globalisation has improved free trade among nations and has improved liquidity of capital permitting investors in established countries to invest in undeveloped countries. It brings foreign exchange to the countries due to the increase in foreign trade. Globalisation is very favourable for the 3rd world countries as it results in economic development. It also improves the global economy by increasing GDP.Trade between nation’s increases as it provides freedom to the global marketing exchange of goods and capitals. Established countries can invest in developing countries and positive competition increases hence, improving businesses. It has been asserted that globalisation increases the productivity and living standard of people. With the manifold positive effects, globalisation also has its negative side. Few of its negative effects are listed below. The most significant negative effect of globalisation is the disappearance of several cultures.The cultures of the countries that are economically powerful are more dominant than others. There is a great risk of spoiling of the cultural values of developing countries due to overseas investments and foreign citizens working from developing countries, changing the attitude, lifestyle and mind-set of t he existing developing nations due to foreigners (Stilitz, 2003). Since international community is growing, more population have become unaware of social, moral and ethical values which are diverse in defining group. Hence, globalisation damages small cultures which are in danger of being destroyed.In order to save the cultures, small nations and developing countries should promote their cultural values and standards. Such nations should keep practicing their culture, so that young generation will be aware of all the customs and traditions. For instance, in developing country like ‘India’, many foreign companies and organizations operates and foreign trade is very immense, but the cultural values and tradition of people living there are still the same as Indians promote and practice their culture in every walk of life.Due to globalisation, more and more companies invest on developing nations, which economically is very beneficial for the countries but significantly affe cts environment by polluting it and escaping easily from weak developing countries regulatory rules and regulations. Many products and manufactured goods produced by various companies are not eco-friendly and thus, increase pollution. It also increase the risk of transporting diseases like Swine flu, Bird flu etc. unintentionally between countries as individuals from all around the world travel more often after globalisation.Many international powerful committees should be made in order to control and alert such companies and corporations who are responsible for polluting the environment and if they do not take action, then such corporations should be banned. This will help in decreasing the production of non eco-friendly products by creating awareness at the educational level and informing individuals with their negative effect. In today’s world, most of the corporations are aware of this negative effect and therefore, manufacture eco-friendly products which are healthy and recyclable.The last major negative effect of globalisation is the complexity of competition. Due to globalisation, international trade between the nations has started to remove limits. This condition of companies has resulted in steady competition with the national competitor, as well as the international competitors. Thus, businesses want more thorough and demanding competitive environment in order to continue stability and progress. Expansion of monopole corporations and channel between manufacture expenses are the chief effects of this tough competition in businesses (Eriksen, 2007).Developing and small nations choose to use overseas resources for their development, but instead, it disposes the equality and stability. Small corporations should focus on research and development. They should lower the manufacturing cost and should improve the quality of the manufacturing product, by using local goods hence, saving the cost of trade. Being a local company, they can understand the ma rket better than the foreign companies. By doing this local companies in developing countries will be able to gain most of the market share and will be able to compete with the foreign companies.In the conclusion, it can be said that globalisation develops better relations among nations and helps in eliminating negative perceptions for the people. Global problems and issues can be solved by discussions. Foreign trade and tourism leads to social benefits which increases migration between the countries and provide chances to live and earn abroad. This results in the decline of cultural barriers and helps in improving the relationships among nations. But with all the positive effects it also has its share of disadvantages and is sometimes unfavourable for the countries that are undeveloped and weak.

My First Car gave me a wealth of experiences

In the life of each American, one of the important points that symbol coming of age is the purchase of the first vehicle. This car becomes the starting points of one’s adulthood, giving one the freedom to move around, pick up friends, and expanding the boundaries of one’s environment. My first car gave me a wealth of experiences, most of them connected with pleasant memories. It was a used Fleetwood Cadillac. Although not the most luxurious car one can dream of because of its age, it was a faithful and nice-looking companion that took me to a lot of interesting places. The car was of 1992 make, the last year when Cadillac produced Generation IV Fleetwoods. It was a four-door sedan with an FF C-body platform. My model had a 4.5 L HT-4500 V8 engine, not bad for the time and indicating that it was a luxury car. At the time when it was produced, it was a bargain compared to other luxury cars, especially those of the European make. Today, however, it does not seem as good as other models that are newer and more advanced from the technological point of view. When I got it, however, it was about six years old and still could run for a few more years. I had relatively little problem with repairs, except one time when I ran into an accident through my own folly. Faithful, as I said before, meant to me that I could safely use it for a long time without going too much to the shop, something that frustrates me as it takes up a lot of time. The look was good, too, and the interior felt comfortable. The car was spacious, and this is what I prefer about automobiles that I drive. A car can be elegant and stylish, but if it is too small and friends are crowded when a bunch of four gets inside, it is too small for my tastes. My Fleetwood Cadillac could pick up a crowd of four or even five friends and roar us off to a party or wherever we wanted to go, and everybody was comfortable and enjoying the ride. The inside had been renovated just before I bought it, so I did not have to worry about it. It was done in hushed up, beige and white colors, reassuring without being provocative. The gamut also gave the car a feeling of style and elegance and even underscored its luxury format. This car was with me for three years. It took me to dates, to parties, to school, and later to college. I liked it partly because people liked it – they liked to see me drive by in a good-looking, long vehicle with slightly tinted windows and a shapely form. In a year, I has my Cadillac painted beige, the color that increased the look of elegance. It still looked and felt relatively new, which was why I was reluctant to change it. Being with one car for several years somehow gave me a sense of stability at a time when my life was experiencing sharp swings that are so naturally associated with young age. In a drastic change of environments as I switched from school to college, the car remained with me as a manifestation of my commitment to an old friend. It also saw me through a series of rapid changes in my love life and a string of meetings and partings. Every day, I felt safe knowing that I would open the garage doors and slip into my old friend, starting off to the challenges of this day. A year later, my parents decided to make me a present for my birthday, choosing a newer Toyota model for me. I was excited about their decision as I felt that sooner or later I would have to replace my Cadillac, but at the same time the feeling of departure from my long-time companion saddened me quite a bit. I was able to sell it at a good price, but somehow I still miss its feeling of space and comfort that engulfed me the moment I got inside. To me, this car came to mean my high school and student youth, and I can still see it in the pictures we took at that time. A faithful friend and a good comrade, it was with me in an important period of my life, taking me places and broadening the scope of my experience.

Letter and Memo paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter and Memo paper - Assignment Example Media print, while still a viable and relevant source, cannot keep up with the pace of this world. Keefe's cartoon doesn't only criticize the congressman's glib remarks, but also calls for bloggers to be responsible for the information they are presenting. As a student and aspiring writer, I am all too aware of the importance of sources and presenting the correct information. The death of the Rocky Mountain News also signifies the dawning of an era that may run rampant with incorrect information and stolen material. Keefe's cartoon emphasizes the importance in maintaining journalistic standards as we move away from print media. The congressman was a bit over zealous in his congratulations for the takeover and should have also taken the opportunity to warn bloggers and citizen journalists about checking their sources and giving credit where it is due. Keefe did an excellent job of scolding Congressman Polis' thoughtless remarks while still calling attention to the larger problem at hand. As you have requested, I have outlined the purpose of my letter to the editor at the Denver Post. I took into account the audience that I will be addressing and the important factors that shape my letter.

Discuss the History and Philosophy oh how the First Immortal Cell Line Term Paper

Discuss the History and Philosophy oh how the First Immortal Cell Line was Created from Cervical Cancel Cell - Term Paper Example Henrietta’s cells were the first ever immortal human cells which later proved to be essential in the development of polio vaccinations. They went up in the first ever spaceship sent out of the earth’s atmosphere to determine what happened when human tissue was exposed to zero gravity. Her cells live on, and since 1951 her cells have been used for in vitro fertilization, gene mapping and cloning. Henrietta’s cells, when first put in a petri dish produced a new generation every twenty four hours. HeLa cells, as Lacks cells have come to be known were initially a part of the research into the genes that are cancer causing and the ones that can suppress it. They have so far been used in development drugs for the treatment of leukemia, herpes, hemophilia, influenza and Parkinson’s disease. They have also provided the basis to study and learn more about sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s), lactose digestion, the bacteria that causes appendicitis, human l ongevity, mosquito mating, along with the negative cellular effects of working in sewers. Scientists have studied her cells for her DNA and chromosomes in such detail that they are now familiar with every niche and corner of the spiral that keeps replicating to keep the cells alive.(Skloot, R. 2010 )A high school biology teacher quoted that HeLa’s cell were the most important thing to happen to medical science in the past century. The interesting facts about Henrietta Lacks cells are not widely known but it was discovered that her chromosomes were incompatible with humans. Does this mean that the cells belong to a whole different species? Also, how do HeLa cells replicate and contaminate other cells in laboratory, almost like how weeds in the garden push their way through plants. No other human cells have so far ever been able to behave in this way. The ecological niche of those cells in not just limited to the human body but they have survived for many years outside showing us their ability to expand beyond human cultivation. Carcinoma in situ describes an abnormal growth of cells. Abnormal growth occurs when the stop button in cell growth is broken down and mitosis occurs repeatedly. Since it all started with cancer cells of a woman, we should take a look at the disease that caused scientists to spend so much effort on research. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal body cell is known as malignant cells are known as cancer. Cells in our body form tissues, which later on come together to build organs, so cells are known as the building blocks of life. Even the smallest living microbes have cells. ("History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian Magazine." History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2012). The cells in the body have a life cycle, they die and new cells are made in order to replace the previous dead cells until death. Cancer occurs when normal healthy cells suddenly start reprodu cing without stopping. Sometimes the shape of the cells also starts to change, for example in leukemia, also known as blood cancer, the shape of the red blood cells changes from concave to lunar thus making it inefficient to carry out respiration. This is exactly what happened to Lacks. Her cells in the cervical started reproducing at a very fast rate. This is how doctors were able to do research on them. Definition: ‘

Islam in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islam in Business - Essay Example Fiqh muamalt is the study of financial and economic transactions from an Islamic outlook which is a branch of Islamic jurisprudence that is related with commerce and residual economic activities. For Islamic economic concepts, Arabic phrases are employed and shariah compliant financial products are very popular in the Islamic business circle. Shariah offers guiding norms for day-to-day living for a Muslim but following the same is a matter of belief and conscience and not of enforcement by governments. In the majority of the Islamic nations, Islamic banking is only a matter of preference and the only Muslim country in the World, i.e. Iran has made rules that all banks must adhere with fiqh muamalt under Usury Free Banking Law that was introduced in 1983. Fatwa refers to the rulings given by Shariah scholars and these are given through reasoning by scholars and endeavoring to apply fiqh to present financial and economic transactions and this process is known as ijtihad and in real pra ctice, this needs interpretation of contractual deeds concerning financial transactions and economic activities and making sure that it is unfailing with shariah. (Wilson 177). This research essay dwells into how Islamic practices apply in business, economics and banking (commercialism, profiteering, loans & interest, partnerships, etc) and how Islam dictates one conducts oneself in business in a detailed manner. Islam and Business Muslims are permitted to engross in trade and business as long as it is lawful and not detrimental to either society or the economy. Islam also permits to acquire wealth through business and however, a Muslim should not have any pride in his wealth. Further, in Islam, greed and miserliness are regarded as sins. A Muslim is considered to be only a temporary guardian of any wealth that he acquires as all wealth is the belongings of Allah. Islam expects that business is run on the moral principle, and it shuns fraud, dishonesty, misrepresentation and deceit in business. Dealing in illegal goods (haram) is prohibited in Islam. Islam also prohibits lotteries. Gambling and business linked with distribution and sale of alcohol. The following are some of the prohibited business activities under Islam. Price manipulation Price gouging and Hoarding by artificially reducing supply of products, especially food products. Government price control initiatives except in some unavoidable scenarios. Interference in the free markets Buying stolen property Cultivating plants like hashish and poppy and raising pigs. Business profits that are generated through halal (legal) business activities are permitted and not any haram (illegal) business activities. A Muslim is needed to respect his business debts. (Khan 1999). The fundamental principle is that Muslims are permitted to purchase whatever he needs like products that Allah has allowed from both Muslims and kaafirs. It is to be noted that Allah himself purchased products from the Jews. However, if a Mu slim avoids purchasing goods from another Muslim for no good reason like bad products, high prices or deceit goods , then that will be considered as harram. Doing business with Kaffirs mean reducing business with the Muslim and thereby obstructing Muslims to sell their products or to make the success in their business efforts. (Abdul -Rahman 7). The one who proscribes the goods of the Kuffaar mean that they are waging an endless war with the Islam, intending thereby to manifest the truth

Final exam, answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Final exam, answer question - Essay Example External controls are the constraints of the company’s labor market such as governing laws of firing or hiring an employee, minimum wage requirements, and fixed working hours of an employee (Clift, 2014). Therefore, the degree of the labor market flexibility of a company is inversely correlated with the flexibility of external labor controls. For example, business organizations located in the countries with strict external labor laws can have decreased labor market flexibility. Labor deregulation proponents recommend that if the labor market, flexibility is high then levels of unemployment will decrease, and the company experiences long-term productivity. A developmental state concerns in guiding economic growth and development and proper use of country’s resources to meet the citizens’ needs. It tries to stabilize social development and economic growth. A developmental state exploits all county’s resources and uses national influence to eradicate poverty and create economic opportunities. A developmental state is effective to all countries because it shapes the economic structures and outputs of the countries (Clift, 2014). Different nations use various policies and instruments in states including the regulations of commerce and trade, the use of monetary and fiscal policies, the redistribution of possessions and incomes and direct ownership of key companies’ state (Low, 2004). For example, in South Africa, they have committed to build a developmental state that will guide the economic development efficiently through mobilizing society’s resources and directing them in attaining their common goals. The country provides health care, education, social safety and housing to the needy poor people. The developmental state also builds a strong community service, supports the development of small businesses, creates a friendly

The Issues Of Coca-Cola's Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issues Of Coca-Cola's Company - Assignment Example Coca-Cola was using 80 billion gallons of water annually. This became a massive concern. This concern triggered Coca-Cola to fight back but it also made them take a second look at their practices. Coca-Cola began to look at its role in managing water. They also showed that they were working their best to tackle this issue by inviting organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund to provide them with advice that could help them improve their environmental impact. They set up goals and comparisons that could help them meet standards that other companies were achieving in terms of water use. They donated money to organizations with water conservation programs. (Lawrence, Anne, & Weber, James, 2007) I believe Coca-Cola handled the environmental concerns very intelligently. They made sure to create a relationship with organizations that were working to improve water and environmental conditions. They addressed the fact that they needed to improve and made improvements. And they invested money into the cause and made consumers aware of this. This is how a good company handles criticisms. Coca-Cola realizes that they rely on water to continue manufacturing their product. They realize they also need customers and stakeholders to believe in their company. And they made sure to check all of the right boxes to maintain these relationships. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2010) Google is another company that is making up for some of their environmental mistakes by setting a green example. Google is such a large company that its actions often come under the microscope. Instead of solely defending any of their procedures or actions they look to balance out the negative with the good in terms of environmental care.

Business Strategy College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy College - Case Study Example The OAG official airline guide data taken from the website www.oag.com shows a startling low cast data. Its study of low cost budget airline data released its report dated September 19, 2007 shows startling facts. The data indicates that that budget airline capacity has doubled in the last four years. The low cost growth of the same industry has increased by twenty percent. The study also shows that Europe, which includes the United Kingdom, is leading the world in the low cost /network balance scheme. Clearly, the OAG data shows a startling low cast data. The same OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. The study covers eleven million extra seats in over sixty six thousand more flights operated by the low cost sector. The industry shows a year on year increase of twenty four percent and twenty percent respectively. The financial data shows that the 2007 low cost flights comprise a higher sixteen percent of the total available airline seats in Europe for the prior accounting period. The prior period only generated a fourteen percent low cost comparative figure. In addition, the 2007 financial data also shows that twenty percent of the total worldwide airline covers is given to low cost flights. This is higher than the seventeen percent financial data of the prior year, 2006. Evidently, the OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. ... Three of the major forces in the European, Low -cost, budget airline sector are rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry, market attempts of companies in other industries to win customers and the potential entry of new air travel competitors.Rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry. There is s strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors. The air transportation industry is changing fundamentally. Low cost air passenger carriers are now slowly killing the competition. This long term trend has undermined the industry's prior structure, procedures, business models and these changes have consequences for airport access. Airlines and airports now have neither the money nor the appetite for grandiose projects. While massive airport buildings around the world planned many years ago are still being inaugurated. These inaugurated airports include Heathrow airport in London, Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok, Barajas airpor t in Madrid, a Singapore airport and a Toronto airport. The current trend in the airline industry is to focus on low -cost airport buildings and facilities. Boston had built a $ 400 million passenger building to Delta air's specifications. It was opened shortly before the airline went bankrupt. As Delta air buckles under the pressure of shrinking its network and services, another competitor must be entertained to take over the leased airport spaces vacated by Delta Air. Low cost airline companies easily fit this description. Undoubtedly, there is strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors (De Neufville 2006).Market attempts of companies in other

Market structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market structure - Research Paper Example This implies that product differentiation exists and each one is capable of satisfying divergent consumer needs. Barriers to entry are few thus explaining why the competitors are many in number (Makiw, 2008). The oligopolistic market structure is one in which a small number of players operate, and they can control the market. Usually, these players are large enough and account for a substantial market share. They make decisions interdependently and are highly motivated by the need to cooperate. Therefore, players exert a degree of control over market conditions. Furthermore, this model is characterized by many barriers to entry. A monopoly is a market in which only a single producer exists. The person is therefore capable of exercising considerable control over the market. Products sold do not have close substitutes thus prompting consumers to stick to them. Normally, the monopoly thrives in water distribution, electricity and gas industries. Barriers to entry are also quite high. 2. Real life example of a market structure in my local city A Shell retail outlet is an example of an oligopolistic market in my city. The organization has relatively few competitors in the gas pump market. Retail outlets may be high in number but the number of companies controlling those outlets is relatively few. Furthermore, Shell is a large company that accounts for about 20% of the market share. This degree of concentration in the oil retail industry makes Shell gullible to collusions with its rivals. For a number of times, the company has been accused of setting artificial prices that do not relate to world oil prices. Regardless, the organization’s products are often sold for a price that is relatively close to market rates. In oligopolistic markets, this is typical for many organizations as competition based on price could lead to inefficiencies. Barriers to trade are also substantial as certain restrictions exist. Shell has control over oil as a natural resource. It is also a vertically integrated firm in which other aspects of oil production take place. The facilities and equipment needed to carry out this work are quite expensive. Therefore, new entrants would not have the economies of scale needed to make significant profits in the market. They would have to raise their prices in order to cover production costs, yet this would drive away consumers who would seek inespensice alternatives. Shell also enjoys large revenue streams from its elaborate business model. Therefore, it is likely that a competitor interested in entering the market would have difficulties advertising or matching Shell’s marketing expenditure (Frank and Bernanke, 2009). 3. How high entry barriers into markets influence long run profitability Entry barriers may come in the form of patents, government licensing, benefits that accrue from economies of scale or resource control. Industries with high entry barriers will not have many alternative suppliers. Therefore, mark et forces will be weakened. Profitability will mostly depend on the supply side of the equation. Usually, when a seller sets their prices, they normally do this on the basis of their costs. Marginal costs refer to those additional expenditures incurred when a seller makes an additional item. In markets with low entry barriers, sellers will price their commodities on the basis of

THE IMPACT OF FDI IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA(SOUTH AFRICA, EGYPT, MORROCO Literature review

THE IMPACT OF FDI IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA(SOUTH AFRICA, EGYPT, MORROCO AND TUNISIA) - Literature review Example This aimed at providing a fuller and well rounded identification of issues that impact on the success and failure of most countries in transition such as South Africa in attracting FDI (Campos and Kinoshita, 2006:36). According to Campos and Kinoshita (2006), institutions, labour expenses, agglomeration, economies, and availability of natural resources are the main causes of FDI inflows to these countries. Another study by John C. Anyanwu (2012), who wrote the article Why Does Foreign Direct Investment Go Where It Goes?: New Evidence from African Countries, seeks to understand how the factors affecting the development of FDI will help the policymakers of Sub-Saharan African Countries in the formulation and execution of policies for attracting FDI. In this study, they used cross-country regressions for the period 1996-2008. Because they used cross-sectional data, they had to carry out four different empirical techniques to add more weight to their empirical results (Anyanwu, 2012:451). These techniques include robust pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), both OLS and FGLS methods to check historical data, and finally, the two-step (IV) efficient, generalized method of moments (GMM). These techniques ensured that the results are relevant to the African continent, its sub-regions and individual countries (Anyanwu, 2012:452). There is another study done by Ajayi (2006) titled The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: A Survey of the Evidence. In this study, they used case studies of countries under consideration as a way of collecting information about FDI. Their main area of focus in these case studies was identifying the common point that unites various factors that attract FDI to a country. They also sought to find out specific factors about some countries and see whether they could be successfully and beneficially applied to others

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay Shirley Jackson is a master of suspense. She starts the story The Lottery off by describing what seems to be a normal summers day in an average village. This gives the reader a false sense of security which quickly turns into a sense of horror by the end of the story. Jackson uses the elements of a short story, atmosphere, plot and characters to create a sense of horror. One of the five elements of a short story that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror is atmosphere. Jackson describes the story as taking place on a clear, warm and sunny summer day but when one first reads about the children in the story, they are not playing and having fun and one would expect, instead they are quietly grouped together not doing much of anything. The fact that these children, more specifically the boys, are acting uneasy, and loafing around on beautiful summer day is one of the ways that Jackson uses atmosphere to create a sense of horror. Another one of the elements that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror is plot. When Tessie Hutchinson finds out that her husband and head of the family, Bill, has drawn the marked piece of paper she starts shouting out that â€Å"You didn’t give him time enough to take any paper her wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!† so everyone should have to draw again, it is starting to become clear that being the winner of this lottery is not a good thing. This is made even clearer when Tessie starts trying to have her in-laws added to the roster of the next group of contestants in order to better her chances of not being picked. Characters are the third and final element of a short story that Jackson uses to create a sense of horror. One of ways that Jackson use characters to create a sense of horror is through their names. An example of one of the characters she uses to do this is Mr. Graves. Grave can be used as an adjective or noun. The adjective means to cause alarm or to be serious. The noun refers to a burial place, typically a hole in the ground. Black is a color commonly associated with bad, mysterious and dark things, death being one of those things. When Mr.Graves makes his appearance he is bringing in the black box. The fact that a man called Mr. Graves is walking in with a black box, the author is letting the reader know that something bad is going to happen. This is one example of how Jackson uses the characters to create a sense of horror. Shirley Jackson tells a suspenseful story about a group of average people in an average village. She uses atmosphere, plot and characters, three of the five elements of a short story to create a horrific story which shows the reader how what we think to be normal customs and rituals can actually turn out to be horrific and barbaric if one takes a step back and judges them from a different perspective.

Human Social Welfare

Human Social Welfare Human Societies in general comprises different social classes with inhabitants ranging from privileged to under-privileged. There exist a number of philosophies to cater social needs of different establishments and in accordance with them people select their methodologies, policies and overall strategies History of Social Welfare and Social Work A program initiated with a vision to provide assistance, support, limited income and services that can benefit the needy in a society can be defined as undertaken for the social welfare. Societies face numerous problems especially the low-income families and those which have no income at all, social work involves analysis of practices suggested by social scientists, conducting research to understand the areas causing problems, evaluating solutions and devising strategies to improve the life of those suffering with poverty or injustice. Social work is aimed at proving social welfare as its focused at positively affecting human living conditions, life style, health, education, food ammunitions. Any government or non-governmental organization can start serving humanity with their social work aimed at the welfare of the people in their community. Providing each individual with quality education, every patient with proper medical facilities, goods and services at affordable prices, shelte r to tragedy striven, employment opportunities and assistance to old citizens are the services social welfare organizations usually provide to the humanity. According to the residual concept of social welfare an individual who has left with no other means of help from his family, work or any where else and has a cause to defend his need would be considered for the sustenance provided by the state. Welfare provision is often seen as being for the poor. This was the dominant model in English-speaking countries; the English Poor Law (1598-1948) was exported to many other countries. This has been taken as the model of a residual system of welfare, in which welfare is a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise. (Spiker, 1995) In the light of institutional concept of social welfare state tries its best to protect people from the cost they would have to incur for their survival in an industrialized capitalist market, here the cause of need is not the driver but the need itself is. In this system every social class can be benefited. This concept serves the entire public by establishing development authorities, educational institutions, hospitals, military and law enforcement. UK and Sweden practice Institutional concept of welfare for its state. There is a concept of liberalism in United States that emphasizes on individual liberty strictly denying restrictions imposed by state, religion or social structures. This liberalism has three classes, classic, social and neo liberalism. Classic liberalism emphasizes strongly over individual liberty and minimum hold of state. The philosophy here supports individual rights of property, free trade, and the decision one makes out of his rational mind-set. Social liberalism has an added economic and social aspect of politics. It highlights the need for the whole society to preserve individuals right of liberty. Its usually been applied in mixed economies and with government providing services to private enterprises conducting their business and consumer services. Its philosophers consider lack of basic human needs like education, health and employment triggers the threat to individual as well as social liberty. Neoliberalism suggests economic liberty as the foundation of economic develop ment for any nation. Income taxes, individuals right of property, deregulation, trade liberalization etc are the pre-requisites of neoliberalism. Conservative philosophers believe in the rule of law over liberty and individual rights. They consider implication of law mandatory on the economic, political and social ideology of people. Classical conservatism prioritize legacy of laws over individuals speculated rational decisions. It has tradition and religion codes focused at the perseverance of both. In fiscal conservatism there is a limit to all the taxes, government intervention and budgetary laws. Social conservatism is centered at preserving social norms and cultural values. Judeo Christian system has a concept of sharing value system common to both the religion. The Jew considers Christians as adopters of some of the values from their faith. The concept of merging belief system could also serve humanitarian values as it increases the tolerance for people belonging to different religion, creating acceptability among communities and bring peace. American system is Judeo Christian with the history that founders of the nati on were more of the believers of being heirs to the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible and the belief in liberty. This sense of mission is why more Americans have died for the liberty of others than any other nations soldiers. It is why those who today most identify with the Judeo-Christian essence of America are more likely to believe in the moral worthiness of dying to liberate countries not only Europe, but Korea, Vietnam and Iraq. That is why America stands alone in protecting two little countries threatened with extinction, Israel and Taiwan. (Prager, 2004, p.5764) The concept is extending to introduce Judeo Christian- Muslim. Even Islamic teachings concentrates on spreading peace on earth rather then promoting terrorism which is the exploitation of the essence of the religion by those who are the enemies of world peace and stability. The Poor Laws in England identified poor as belonging to three groups, those who cant work at all, those who cant find work and those who were not willing to work. A poor relief fund was created and workhouses for able-poor while the idle ones were punished. Elizabeth Poor law of 1601 formularized the relief process by creating a collectivist national system made by imposing taxes and provided services to poor. The deserving poor were provided with food, money and even clothing. Those who needed work were placed at workhouses and were even given places to live while those that were not willing to work were sent to houses of correction. A parish was responsible for identifying and providing sustenance to its poor. The alms provided outside the workhouse were called outdoor relief. Some economists consider American Poor Law comparable to English poor Law reform of 1834. According to a critic Stephen Pimpare Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Hunter College CUNY: During these periods of profound economic transformation, they used similar arguments to make ending or restricting relief an act of compassion, not cruelty, thus giving political viability and moral legitimacy to their self-serving cause. Such propaganda was disseminated through similar kinds of well-funded and well-connected organizations of â€Å"experts,† which functioned as mediating institutions, linking their funders, the media, and the political system; those funders remained behind the scenes during these battles, achieving their goals by dressing their economic campaigns in moral rhetoric. (Pimpare, 2003) Protestant ethics is being considered as an evolutionary force behind capitalism. Unlike other religion it encouraged the followers to pursue economic growth. Under this view Economic gain was focused, activities for the pursuit of worldly benefits was encouraged and given positive meaning. Some critics condemn such behavior of protestant preachers as being aimed at saving their position by establishing opportunities like material growth appreciable in religion. Laissez-Faire introduces an economic concept which rejects the intervention by the government in the form of taxes and other charges that are above then the one required to carry the specified services like individual rights, peace and security government is supposed to provide. It stresses the need of individual rights, personal freedom and free market. States unnecessary regulation and protection skims the profits and leave business world dissatisfied. Reference: Pimpare, S. (2003, Aug) The Poor Law Strikes Home?  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Online Retrieved 2008-02-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p62621_index.html Prager, D. (2004) â€Å"What does Judeo-Christian mean?†. Jewish World View 8 Nissan, 5764, Retrieved 2008-03-04 from http://focusonjerusalem.com/whatdoesjudeo-christianmean.html Spiker, P. (1995) â€Å"Social Policy and Administration†. Social policy: themes and Approaches, Retrieved 2008-03-04 from http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socpolf.htm

Comparing Polymers: Metal and Ceramics

Comparing Polymers: Metal and Ceramics Ceramics are inorganic and nonmetallic materials formed from metallic and nonmetallic elements whose interatomic bonds are either ionic or mostly ionic. Many of the ceramics desirable properties are obtained usually by a high temperature heat treatment. Ceramics are made up of two or more elements. In a crystalline structure is more complex than that of metals. When the bonding is mostly ionic the crystal structure is made up of positively charged metallic ions, cations, negatively charged nonmetallic ions and anions. When the ions are bonded together the overall charge must be neutral. To have a stable system the anions in the structure that surround a cation must be in contact with that particular ion. There needs to be a ratio of the cation radius to the anion radius for the coordination and understanding of the structures geometry. If for example there is a lack of coordination, the cation would be incorrectly incased by the anions thus causing a collapse in its expected structur al stability. There are many different types of structures exist for ceramics. One crystal structure is the AX type where there are an equal number of cations and anions. Another crystal structure that exists for ceramics has a different number of cations and anions but still has a neutral charge because the ions have different magnitudes of charge is called an AmXp structure. An AmBnXp structure has more than one type of cation, represented by A and B but only one type of anion. This type of structure is also seen in close packing of ions in metals. Imperfections occur in the crystal structure of ceramics very similar to metal structural defects. Defects can occur in each of the two ions of the structure. At any time there can be cation, anion interstitials, cation or anion vacancies. Most defects or imperfections occur in pairs to maintain the electroneutrality. A Frenkel defect is a cation vacancy and cation interstitial pair. When a cation and anion vacancy pair occurs they are called a Schottky defect. Ceramics can also have impurities in the crystal structure like metals. Figure 12.21 gives a schematic diagram of the Frenkel and a Schotkey defects (pg 435). In many cases ceramics tend to be very brittle which can lead to catastrophic failure with very few signs of fatigue. This is due to the fact that ceramics absorb very little energy before they fracture. When ceramics are subjected to a tensile stress, they almost always fracture before any plastic deformation takes place. Fracture occurs because of the formation and propagation of cracks perpendicular to the applied load. Ceramics have a greater ability to resist compression than tension. The modulus of elasticity decreases with more pores in the ceramic material. When there are many pores in the material they act as stress concentrators which expose the material to weak portion. However, ceramics are very hard and are good for applications where abrasive or grinding action is needed. Most polymers are organic and are composed of hydrocarbons with interatomic forces that are represented as covalent bonds. Most polymers chains are quite long and very complex. These long molecules are made up of repeat units which are repeated along the chain. The smaller repeating unit is called a monomer. Polymers can be made up of a single repeat unit, called a homopolymer, or two or more different repeating units called copolymers. Polymers generally have a very large molecular weight. These molecular chains tend to have many kinking, bending, and coiling along with entanglement with neighboring chains may occur. This causes the outcome material to be very elastic. Polymer chains can have side groups which cause different configurations based on which side and with what regularity they bond. They can present a level of crystallinity similar to the packing of the molecular chains to create an ordered atomic array. This crystal structure can be much more complex than metallic crystal structures. Defects in polymers also differ from those found in metals and ceramics. Defects in polymers are linked to the chain ends because they are slightly different than the chain itself and emerge from the segments of the crystal. Polymers are very sensitive to strain rate, temperature, and chemical nature of the environment. Different polymers can exhibit different stress strain behavior depending on the complexity of the mole cular chain. Certain polymers display a level of is brittle where fracture occurs before elastic deformation which is very similar in the case of ceramics. Another type of polymers is very similar to metals where elastic deformation takes place first followed by yielding and plastic deformation. A third type is exhibited by elastomers which have totally elastic and recoverable deformation. Polymers generally have a lower modulus of elasticity and tensile strength then metals. Some Polymers can be stretched up to ten times longer than its original state where metals and ceramics cannot easily accomplish. Polymers exhibit viscoelasticity at temperatures between where elastic and liquid like behaviors are prevalent. Similar to metals and ceramics, polymers can experience creep. Creep is a time dependent factor due to deformation under stress or elevated temperature. In both ceramics and polymers, creep depends on time and temperature. Polymers may be ductile or brittle depending on tem perature, strain rate, specimen geometry, and way of loading which is very similar to the properties of metals. Polymers are brittle at low temperatures and have somewhat low impact strengths. Polymers can experience fatigue under a repetitive loading. They are generally softer than metals and ceramics and unlike metals and ceramics, polymer melting occur over a range of temperatures instead at a specific temperature. Metals are a material made up of metallic elements that are bonded metallically like common alloys. The electrons are not bound to any particular atom creating a matrix of ion cores surrounded by many electrons. They are very good conductors of heat and electricity where as ceramics and polymers are lacking. Polymers and metals are both ductile and are not that brittle though metals also exhibit a level of malleability. Ceramics are very brittle, they tend to fracture under a load which means they are lacking in ductility. Polymers are the softest material due to their complex structure, while ceramics are the hardest but are not very tough because they fracture before plastic deformation occurs. Polymers plastically deform very easily and have the smallest Youngs modulus. Ceramics have the highest value because of their brittleness and never reach the point of plastic deformation because they would fracture first. The values of Youngs modulus for metals fall between those for polyme rs and ceramics. These three materials have diverse structures and exhibit different levels of defects. Alloying, using the term in the broadest sense. Simply an alloy is a metal compound that consists of 2 or more metal or nonmetallic elements. These combinations of metallic and non metallic elements ultimately create new compounds that in result display superior structural properties as compared to the elements by themselves. The type of alloy mixtures is highly dependent on the desired mechanical property of the material. Alloying can be applied to metals, ceramics and polymers where in each specific properties are desired. One of the most desired properties of metal alloys is the hardenability. A material with a high level of hardness will resist deformation caused by surface indentation or abrasion while a material with a low hardness level will deform more easily under similar conditions. The main factor in a materials hardenability is its martensite (the rate which austenitized iron carbon alloys are formed when cooled) also content and is related to the amount of carbon in a material. With this application of alloying on metals, the material can exhibit greater strain and stress resistances as well as elasticity. These properties are favorable when dealing with construction and manufacturing processes. A ceramic alloy is basically a fusion of a ceramic with of 2 or more metals. As seen in metal alloys, ceramic alloys can consist of impurity atoms in a solid state. In ceramic alloys an interstitial and substitutional states are possible. In an interstitial type, the anion has to be bigger than the impurity of the ionic radius. The substitutional impurity applies where the impurity atom usually forms a cation in the ceramic material thus the host cation will be substituted. Figure 12.23 provides a great visual representation of interstitial and substitutional types in a ceramic alloy (pg 437). Significantly, to properly achieve a solid state of solubility for substituting impurity atoms, the charge and the ionic size must be as the same as the host ion. If they were different it there would need to be some other way for the electroneutrality to be maintained within the solid. An easy way to do this is to create a formation of lattice defects of vacancies or interstitial of both ion t ypes. Cobalt chromium is a perfect example of a ceramic alloy in which was designed to be used for coronary interventions thus because it does not degrade once placed in the human body. Polymer alloys consist of two or more different types of polymers in a sense blended together. There are a variety of additives that can be blended or mixed in with the polymer to create the desired effect for the material. Polymer additives that support the modification of its physical properties are fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers and of course flame retardants. Fillers are generally introduced to a polymer, when a greater comprehensive strength and thermal stability is desired. Creating these types of alloys are very beneficial because they are generally very easy to create and use in their desired form. Plasticizers help improve the flexibility and toughness of polymers by reducing the hardness and stiffness of the material. They are often introduced to polymers that are generally brittle at room temperature. These additives are especially useful because they generally lower the glass transition temperature thus allowing the polymer to have a extent of pliability. Due to the f act that certain polymers are not resilient to environmental conditions, stabilizers are introduced. They provide stability and integrity against deterioration against the mechanical properties. The two most common forms of environmental deterioration are UV exposure and oxidation. A major concern with many polymers is that they are highly flammable. Flame retardants are introduced to such polymers to reduce the combustibility of the material by interfering with its ability to combust through a gas phase or initiating a different combustion reaction that generates less heat. This process will reduce the temperature that would eventually cease the burning process. Kirill Shkolnik 105940393 ESG 332 R01 Exam #2 (Question #2) Describe with reference to phase diagrams and dislocation theory, how precipitation age hardening can be achieved in aluminum alloys. Generally aluminum is a metal with a low level of density compared to other metals. Due to this low level of density, it conducts electricity and heat better than copper. Aluminums just over 1200 degrees Fahrenheit which is comparably low to other metals. Due to these simple facts, it seems ideal to bond elements such as titanium, silicon, copper, zinc and other materials to magnify aluminums positive attributes. The process precipitation age hardening can amplify the alloying of aluminum. This process involves supersaturating a solid solution precipitating evenly dispersed particles on the aluminum. This will help stop the movement of dislocations within the metal structure. The basic concept of dislocation is the atomic misalignment of atoms in a linear plane. These atomic misalignments affect a whole series of atoms on a plane. The series of misalign atoms form a line called a dislocation line. There are two known types of dislocation called the screw and edge dislocation. Screw d islocation and edge dislocation are the primary types of dislocations but require a certain amount of each other to occur. By reducing the amount of dislocations can radically increase the strength in the metal. The process of alloying usually makes a pure material harder. The process of alloying is having one metal bond with impurity atoms from other materials to change its mechanical properties. An alloying process called solid solution alloying uses a solution to substitute bonds inside the metal. The limiting of dislocation movement is a major factor for alloying because it can be used to strengthen metals. Alloying metals with the precipitation hardening makes the strength of the new material stronger as the progress of the process is delayed. The reason for precipitation hardening is sought after is because of its abilities in making metals stronger. Aluminum alloys can have precipitation in a very specific way. Heat treatment occurs when one material is heated a supersaturated mixture at a specific phase and so two different phases can be present together. A precipitate forms in small pieces throughout the entire material. When the mixture is at its equilibrium, the forming process comes to an end. The small pieces of precipitate then diffuse together to form one large precipitate. This stage of the precipitate tends to weaken the materials fundamental structure. The small pieces of precipitate in the material make it harder for dislocations to move. When strength of the material diminishes due to the movement of the precipitate it is called overaging. There are two things need for heat treatments to be applied. Figure 11.21 provides a graphical representation the relationship between temperature and composition for aluminum and copper (pg 402). The copper phase represented at a shows a supersaturated solid solution in aluminum while the compound that between the two elements is symbolized as ?. Interestingly the point M represents the max solubility point at certain temperature and composition in the material. Point N represents the solubility limit of a and (a + ?) L symbolizes the temperature needed for the solution to become a liquid. If a major amount of solute is made available in the solution, we would have a precipitation hardened alloy. The limit of the solubility curve vastly decreases in concentration as the temperature decreases. There are two different ways precipitation can occur. One process is the use heat treatment where the solute can be dissolved to form a solid single phase solution. This method can be done by heating an alloy to a very high temperature. Figure 11.24 shows that the ? phase is blended into a phase (pg 404). Then the alloy is cooled where all that is left is a supersaturated a phase. Precipitation heat treatment the (a + ?) phase is heated to a specific temperature to allow the ? phase to precipitate. The alloy is cooled and the hardness of the alloy is determined by time. A logarithmic function a comparison with strength and time proves the dependence of temperature and strength. Kirill Shkolnik 105940393 ESG 332 R01 Exam #2 (Question #3) Describe what is meant by the term glass transition temperature and illustrate your answer from polymer and ceramic point of view. Typically a glass transition temperature is where a noncrystalline form of a polymer or a ceramic is cooled and transforms from a super cooled liquid into a glass. A ceramic or a glassy material is a noncrystalline material that becomes increasingly more viscous when it is cooled. Due to the fact that glassy materials are noncrystalline there is no definite temperature when the liquid will transform into a solid. Though, it is also important to note that in noncrystalline materials the specific volume is dependent on temperature and will decrease with the temperature. The glass transition temperature displays a reduction in the rate at which the specific volume decreases with temperature. When the temperature is below this value, the material is in a ceramic from and directly above this point the material is considered a supercooled liquid. The glass transition temperature occurs in both glassy and semicrystalline polymers, but not in crystalline materials. As certain molecular chain s in noncrystalline materials temperature drop due to lack of motion the glass temperature transition occurs. Basically glass transition is the time in which a steady transformation occurs from the liquid state to a slightly rubbery state and then to the final more rigid solid material. The glass transition temperature is the state in which the material goes from its rubbery to rigid state. This transition can take place in both directions. As a polymer for example is cooled to a rigid solid, it can be heated and undergo the same transition in reverse. As the material undergoes all of these changes its properties change from state to state. Some materials can experience greater change include the stiffness, heat capacity, and the coefficient of thermal expansion for the material during this transition. The glass transition temperature also acts as a limit boundary for applications of polymers and polymer matrix like components. If this temperature is beyond the material threshold, it will no longer fit the desired properties the task had called for and the application would be useless. The molecules that had been frozen in place below the will both rotate and translate at the temperatures above. Molecular characteristics have an impact on the chains stiffness and will in turn affect the glass transition temperature for the material. Some molecular characteristics that can cause the chains flexibility to be reduced and the glass transition temperature to increase that include bulky side groups on the molecular chain. Also these characteristics can affect polar atoms or groups of polar atoms on the side of the molecular chain, double bonds, and aromatic groups. The glass transition temperature will also increase as the molecular weight of the material increases. Branching also influences the of a material, many branches will decrease the chains mobility and increase, a lower density of branches will cause the to decrease as the molecular chains will have a freer range of motion. Crosslinks can occur in glassy polymers and can affect, they cause the reduction of motion and therefore increase. If there are too many crosslinks occur in the material, the molecular motion would be so limited that glass transition may not occur. It can be understood that many of the same molecular characteristics which affect the glass transition temperature also affect the melting transition temperature. The two are affected in such a similar manner that is usually somewhere between 0.5 to 0.8 times the melting transition temperature. Figure 15.19 demonstrates this mathematic relationship (pg 548). Both ceramic and polymers have a glass transition temperature. A glass can be referred to by several different names; such as vitreous solid, an amorphous solid or glassy solid. An amorphous solid has the mechanical properties of a solid, but does not have long range molecular order where they are in motion at a very slow rate that it be considered rigid for regular purposes. When glas sy materials have been supercooled below the glass transition temperature they will take on characteristics similar to those of a crystalline solid. This solid will become rigid with an increased hardness and will be more brittle. However, if a glassy material is heated to above its glass transition temperature it will become softer and many of the intermolecular bonds will break allowing the material to flow at an increasing fluid viscosity. A polymer below the glass transition temperature is more rigid, but as it enters its glass transition phase, the material becomes more rubbery as its viscosity increases. The polymer can enter its glass transition at a lower temperature when critical factors that usually affect the motion of the molecules in the material are not all present. When molecular weight of a polymer increases, the glass transition temperature will also increase. Many factors that increase the the rubber gasket would not do its job properly. Polymers can exhibit the following structures: amorphous, semi-crystalline and crystalline. Describe these structures and explain how the mechanical properties may be influenced by these structural forms for a polymer of the same chemical formula. Polymers can develop amorphous, semi-crystalline and crystalline structures of the same chemical formula. Polymers can exist as liquids, semi solids, or solids related to the crystal structures respectively. However each of these structures exhibit a variety of different mechanical properties. The crystallinity of a polymer depends on the intermolecular secondary bonding which will heavily influence the extent of any mechanical property of the polymer. The tensile strength, elastic modulus and compression strength of a crystalline structure will be stronger than a semicrystalline structure and significantly stronger than amorphous type structure. For a crystalline structure the molecular chains of the polymer are tightly packed together in an organized atomic group which take up space and will affect the polymers mechanical properties. These crystalline structures are heavily influenced by the glass transition temperature. Also the isomer and chemical formula lays out crucial factors that will be very important in the formation of the bulk material structure. From certain large bulky functional groups there becomes an impending hindrance that will inhibit the movement capability of a molecule. This process will increase the energy requirement for any phase change. The outcome of this process is a greater transition temperature. This new temperature transition will increase the chances for the formation of a crystalline structure. The reason for this is and time span before the material becomes a disorganized liquid and requires a longer time for the molecules to arrange themselves properly. When polymers have many branches the weaker the material will be, even though crystalline structures are stronger than less ordered materials. Figure 15.18 demonstrates the change in these structural states when specific volume and temperature are compared (pg 546). Pure polymers have a very small melting point ranges and bond strength. Doped polymers and polymer alloys will generally have wider melting point ranges. The process of branching will decre ase the strength of a polymer, which would continuously decrease the melting point temperature. Though, the act of branching on heavily dense branches will decrease molecule mobility. Also within this process the molecular weight is affected as well. Kirill Shkolnik 105940393 ESG 332 R01 Exam #2 (Question #4) How are T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams used to design heat treatment schedules for plain carbon steels. Time-Temperature-Transformation or T-T-T and continuous cooling transformation or C-C-T are used for heat treatment schedules for plain carbon steel. T-T-T are commonly known as an isothermal transformation diagrams can show the change of different phases at certain temperatures. C-C-T can be used to calculate percent transformation against the logarithm function through time. The use the isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams can be used to develop a heat treatment for plain carbon steels. These diagrams will support the understanding of carbon steels through phase diagrams. When a structure is heat treated, its cooling process helps retain its structure. This process can be analyzed through T-T-T. Figure 10.13 displays a graphical representation of temperature against time with a third dimension with the percent of the steel alloy transformed to pearlite (pg 326). The understanding of a rapid cooling alloy sully depends on the understanding and application of heat treatment. It is understood that isothermal transformations do not change in temperature but continuous cooling transformation diagrams do. C-C-T and T-T-T display the same dimensions but over a larger spectrum of time and temperature. Figure 10.28 shows different forms of steel alloys (pg 338). A material that has been cooled to a temperature slightly below it s eutectoid temperature, and isothermal transformation is maintained for an extended period of time, interestingly it cannot be depicted on T-T-T diagrams in spheroid forms.

Ecstasy :: essays papers

Ecstasy MDMA, or Ecstasy, was first made in a lab in Germany in 1912. The German pharmaceutical company E. Merck patented it in 1914, not as a medicine, but as a chemical for making more useful drugs later on. MDMA was forgotten until 1953, when the United States Army funded a secret University of Michigan study to develop chemical weapons. After learning that MDMA was non-toxic, the government put it back on the shelf. Rumor says that the drug was tested for mind control purposes, or as a â€Å"truth drug†, but there is not actual evidence of that. In 1978, Alexander Shulgin wrote a book detailing the MDMA experience called Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved: A Chemical Love Story. Many psychiatrists took Shulgin's findings seriously enough to combine MDMA with sessions with their patients' normal therapy. In the early '80s, MDMA made its way from the doctor's office to the dance floor from a Texas entrepreneur who synthesized the drug in a lab. He re-named it "Ecstasy" and sold it for $20 a hit—legally—in Dallas-Fort Worth clubs. But, the Drug Enforcement Agency worked quickly to outlaw MDMA, and Ecstasy officially became an illegal drug in 1985. What Ecstasy does is simple. It combines two opposite effects, stimulation and relaxation, but in also provides a small quality of empathy. Psychotherapist RD Laing took MDMA in Esalen, California, in 1984 when it was still legal. He said, "It made me feel how all of us would like to feel we are anyway . . . smooth and open hearted, not soggy, sentimental or stupid.† Another psychologist described it as providing a "brief, fleeting moment of sanity". Most people describe the feeling like being in love. The most common feelings experienced are empathy, openness, peace and caring. However, there have been cases in which the user has a decrease in defensiveness, fear or paranoia, sense of separation from others, aggression, and obsessive behavior. Side effects of Ecstasy can range from mildly uncomfortable to life threatening physical and emotional reactions. Your temperature goes up when you take Ecstasy, like a fever. Dancing in a hot warehouse doesn't help your body cool off, so it's no surprise that one of the most common Ecstasy-related injuries is heatstroke. Along with high body temperature, you sweat and urinate a lot if you take Ecstasy.

Television and Media - Effect of TV In The Age of Missing Information :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Effect of Television In The Age of Missing Information Bill McKibben, in his book The Age of Missing Information, explores the impact of television on modern cultures both in America and around the world. In the book McKibben carries out an experiment; he watches the entire television broadcast of 93 separate cable channels for one entire day. In all McKibben viewed 24 hours of programming from 93 separate cable stations, that is more than 2,200 hours of television. His purpose in this formidable undertaking was to determine how much actual information that was relevant to real life he could glean from a day of television broadcasting. McKibben also spent a day camping alone on a mountain near his home. Throughout the book, McKibben compares the two experiences, contrasting the amount of useful information he received from nature, as opposed to the amount of useless, hollow information the television provided. He goes on in the book to make several very important observations about how the television has fundamentally changed our culture and lifestyle, from the local to the global level. Locally, McKibben argues, television has a detrimental effect on communities. The average American television is turned on for eight hours every day. For a third of the day, every American household is literally brainwashed; bombarded with high-impact, low content images which mold the mind of the viewer into whatever the broadcaster wishes. The problem with television at a local level is that it replaces the innate human desire for contact with other humans in a community. Instead of relying on friends, families and community for the day-to-day stability needed to carry on a normal life, American's switch on the television. CNN, the Discovery Channel, Oprah, and Friends, all replace an actual community with a virtual one which in some ways is better than an actual community. In the seductive world of television, someone is always there at 6:00 relating the news. When people begin to rely on the television for the news, weather, entertainment, and companionship, they begin to become less interested in what is going on around them in their community. Take and example which McKibben cites in his book. In the early 1900's people were extremely interested in politics. The American democracy was in full swing and as literacy and education climbed, so did the turnouts at the poles. But ever since the induction of the television into

Children learn in a variety of ways

In order to see why some kids are more successful as scholars than others it is necessary to see how success is to be defined. This is a peculiarly hard inquiry as a practician within an English secondary school, where two definitions presently persist. The National Curriculum ( the statutory model for instruction in England ) defines successful scholars as pupils who possess certain accomplishments[ I ]( see appendix A ) . This would connote that within English schools kids are deemed to be successful scholars depending upon whether they have developed the identified accomplishments. The accomplishments listed are non specific to any one topic and as such there is no demand for scholars to finish any traditional academic class. However, English schools are measured and judged by the criterions set by consecutive authoritiess. The current authorities has decided that a school ‘s success will be judged based upon their pupils ‘ public presentation in specified GCSE topics[ two ]( 5 A*-C GCSE ‘s including English, Maths, Science, Modern Foreign Language and History or Geography ) . This clearly shifts the focal point within English school from the accomplishments of successful larning back towards public presentation in traditional academic topics. Within this assignment a successful scholar shall be considered to be a pupil who achieves the English Baccalaureate. The writer acknowledges that the authorities ‘s current definition of success is controversial, non least of all as a consequence of the inclusion or exclusion of specific classs of survey. However this definition seems likely to be at the head of educational reform for the foreseeable hereafter and as such is of specific involvement to new practicians. This assignment seeks to critically analyze the consequence of theories of intelligence upon the success of a scholar. It is acknowledged that intelligence research is a monolithic field and that hence this assignment can non measure the full range of research. The focal point of this assignment will stay steadfastly grounded in the deductions of theories within instruction. If intelligence, nevertheless defined, were the lone finding factor upon the success of scholars so a simple trial should be able to accurately foretell the educational results for every kid around the universe. This is clearly non the instance. Individual pupils interact with the universe, and accordingly, the instruction system in a assortment of different ways. There are legion factors impacting upon this interaction which autumn outside of the range of this assignment. Nevertheless it is of import to retrieve that pupils ‘ ultimate success at school can be earnestly affected by factors such as the pupil ‘s motive, their cultural background and any Particular Educational Needs. By definition, it is clear that the whether or non a pupil achieves the English Baccalaureate does non take into history the single differences between scholars. There is no universally acknowledged definition of intelligence. A simple hunt in the Oxford English Dictionary reveals legion definitions, supported by quotation marks within written English dating back every bit far as the 1300 ‘s[ three ]. The word itself holds a curious topographic point within society, its importance is revered and yet its significance can non be easy defined. So what is intelligence? At its most limited definition, â€Å" intelligence is what intelligence trials step †[ four ]. A individual ‘s public presentation on a set on unrelated specified undertakings. However in order to follow this definition of intelligence it is necessary to cognize what it is that intelligence trials really test. At the clip that Boring made his statement ( 1932 ) his statement was genuinely round, neither he nor anyone else at the clip knew what the trials measured[ V ]. In regard of the deductions of intelligence theories on instruction trials began to be developed in France around 1904. Such trials were devised by psychologists such as Binet to foretell ‘success ‘ within the Parisian School system, to the extent that he abandoned the usage of any trial which did non separate between the kids irrespective of its conformity with his vague and traditional theory of intelligence. It would look that Binet ‘s work was non based upon any fresh theory of intelligence, simply the practical job of screening kids into those who could and could non execute in a traditional school scene. Binet ‘s ensuing trial was weighted towards mensurating verbal memory, verbal logical thinking, numerical logical thinking, grasp of logical sequences and an ability to province how one would work out the jobs of day-to-day life. An person ‘s trial mark age was so compared to their existent age. This work formed the footing of Stern ‘s develo pment of the â€Å" intelligence quotient † . The success envisioned by Binet and the Gallic Government at the clip is really similar to the success required by the current UK authorities. Therefore such trials will go on to be a forecaster of success today. Given Binet ‘s attack to the development of his trial, it would look that despite being credited as the Godhead of the first intelligence trial he was in fact the Godhead of a standardized appraisal trial. In recent old ages at that place has been increasing concerns over the impact of national trials. Standardized appraisal trials have been dropped at Key Stage 3 wholly and reduced to merely trials in English and Mathematics at Key Stage 2. In 2010 many primary schools took the extra measure of boycotting the national trials, directing their pupils to secondary schools with Teacher Assessed Levels. Whilst many argue that instructor appraisal leads to better truth than trials for which pupils are extensively prepared, how so can it be the instance that while many instructors are reasoning against the usage of SAT trials in UK schools, they continue to utilize the information provided from intelligence and cognitive ability trials. The usage of intelligence and cognitive intelligence proving within UK schools has increased dramatically within recent old ages. Within this field there are two chief trials which a big figure of pupils presently sit ( CAT and MidYIS/YeLIS ) . These trials are frequently used to help schools in the scene of mark classs and ability grouping without the coaching antecedently experienced in readying for SAT ‘s. Despite this being normal pattern in many schools, it remains controversial. The usage of such trials within schools strengthens the position of intelligence and intelligence-style trials as simply a method of finding success in school. The thought of ‘intelligence proving ‘ has been developed well in the United States since Binet ‘s original work and is now applied in a assortment of different ways, frequently with terrorizing consequences. The writers of The Bell Curve sparked monolithic contention with their work sing the IQ tonss of cultural groups within the United States. Their work seamed to back up the position that intelligence was unconditioned, that it could non be altered and that people with low IQ ‘s caused the jobs within society. This has caused monolithic concern around the universe and the potency for this system to be used to warrant societal segregation or worse can non be ignored. Whilst it is outside the range of this assignment to to the full measure the ongoing nature versus raising argument, it is the writer ‘s position that if a pupil can be ‘coached ‘ to better their consequences on the SAT ‘s trials so it is imaginable that they could be ‘coached ‘ to better their mark on an IQ trial. In response to the publication of ‘The Bell Curve ‘ concern began to turn sing the limited nature of intelligence, as measured by the ‘intelligence quotient ‘ , and any cultural prejudice within the trials. What is valued within a peculiar civilization has monolithic deductions of the development of its people and its construct of intelligence. The original intelligence trials were devised with Western school success in head and early illustrations contain clearly cultural and socio-economic based inquiries. In visible radiation of this concerns sing the US-centric intelligence research Stern berg kind to see the deductions of civilization upon theories of intelligence. In his article Culture, direction, and assessment Sternberg looked at his and other research workers work sing the impact of civilization. The research indicates that ; the act of assessment itself can impact upon an person ‘s public presentation as different civilizations have different outlooks of how they will be assessed, that persons in different civilizations may believe about constructs and jobs in different ways, that public presentation is improved when the stuff being assessed is familiar and meaningful to them, that academic accomplishments are non every bit valued in all civilizations peculiarly where certain practical accomplishments and cognition help them last in their environment. Whilst researching in Africa Sternberg found that many of the traditional positions of intelligence, valued in western so ciety, were frequently considered ‘stupid ‘ in different civilizations i.e. it was non the instance that they could non screen the points as required by the trial but they thought that do so was a mark of stupidity. In response to this find Sternberg developed his theory of successful intelligence ; nevertheless it is non the lone theoretician to review the current system culturally-loaded attack. Gardner MI â€Å" puting logic and linguistic communication on a pedestal reflects the values of our Western civilization and the great premium placed on the familiar trials of intelligence. † These cultural differences can non be forgotten and may function to foreground a failure on the portion of the Bell Curve to look into the grounds for the differences they identified. In a multicultural society how can we be certain that the trials are appropriate for the pupils sitting them? It is argued by the writer that without extended research into the cultural cogency of trials such as CAT and MidYIS, their consequences may take to pupils losing out on chances whilst could otherwise be unfastened to them. Whilst there has been increasing usage of intelligence proving within schools in recent old ages for all students, it has frequently been used to name larning disablements. What deductions for ADHD etc if a wide definition of intelligence had been accepted â€Å" adaptation to the environment † . Such trials are frequently performed by educational psychologists utilizing US-centric trial systems. In response to the increasing desire to label persons as ‘unintelligent ‘ due to their single differences, theories began to spread out the traditional position. Sternberg the â€Å" inclination to blend tonss on trials of intelligence with some sort of personal value † ( 2003b p13 ) . Many theoreticians have purported to follow a wider attack to the significance of intelligence, nevertheless few have really sort to use this to their ain actions or trials. A authoritative illustration of this can be found in the plants of Wechsler, who gives his name to a really traditional manner intelligence trial. Wechsler describes intelligence as â€Å" the sum or planetary capacity of the person to move purposefully, to thin rationally and to cover efficaciously with his environment † ( 1958 p7 ) . However his trial does non reflect this position. This highlights the trouble in inventing trials which match broader theories of intelligence. Given the jobs associated with traditional theories of intelligence, which all excessively frequently focused merely on accomplishments which are valued in the peculiar parts of society, theorists kind to promote a lodger position of intelligence. Sternberg â€Å" the clip possibly has come to spread out our impression and everyone ‘s impression of what it means to be intelligent † ( 2003b p 69 ) . This is an interesting pick of phrasing. It implies that it is non merely theorists which need to spread out their impression ‘of what it means to be intelliegent ‘ but the general populace every bit good. Sternberg proposed his theory of successful intelligence, backed by international research, to explicate why some of the most successful persons in the universe are non considered to be traditionally intelligent. â€Å" A cardinal facet of the theory is that success is defined in footings of a individual ‘s single ends with the context in which that individual lives, instead than in footings of more generalized ends that somehow are supposed to use to everyone. † TFSI â€Å" no affair how good traditional psychometric or cognitive theories account for public presentation on intelligence trials, they seem non to travel much beyond the trials in footings of their ability to account for intelligence in the mundane universe † p.317 â€Å" The triarchic theory is an effort to history for, in a individual theory, what in the yesteryear has been accounted for by multiple theories frequently perceived to be in struggle with each other. † P.325 â€Å" The point to be made, so is that intelligence is non a individual thing ; It comprises a really broad array of cognitive and other accomplishments. Our purpose in theory, research, and measuring ought to be to specify what these accomplishments are and to larn how best to measure and develop them, non to calculate out a manner to unite them into a individual, perchance nonmeaningful figure. â€Å" p. 327 p.335 beyond IQ â€Å" many bing theories of intelligence are uncomplete instead than incorrect † p.328 â€Å" each of the three subtheories of the triachic theory has received at least some empirical proof and amplification, although more empirical research and theory development are clearly needed. † p.334 â€Å" Our research, like that of others, is hindered by the deficiency of entirely satisfactory exeternal standards against which to formalize our theories and steps. † The trouble with bring forthing a wider theory of intelligence is at what point do you halt? What is included and what is non? Where is the line to be drawn? It would look that Sternberg believes that within the US the broadening of intelligence has gone excessively far. â€Å" In U.S. society, cognitive accomplishments have become practically equated with rational skills- the mental bases of intelligence. This equation is a error. † ( Sternberg, wisdom, Intelligence and Creativity synthesized 2003b ) On this point there is one theoretician who has been to a great extent criticised for spread outing this theory excessively far. Howard Gardner appears to hold an of all time turning list of ‘intelligences ‘ each one more vague and abstract that the following, many overlapping with his old classs. The chief expostulation which many people have of Gardner is his usage of the word ‘intelligence ‘ to depict what many would prefer to be known as abilities, accomplishments, endowments or capacities. In response to such unfavorable judgment Gardner explained that he realised, â€Å" that each of these words harboured booby traps, I eventually elected to take the bold measure of allowing a word from psychological science and stretching it in new ways aˆÂ ¦ I was suggesting an enlargement of the term intelligence so that it would embrace many capacities that had been considered outside its range † ( 1999 p33,34 ) . â€Å" There is nil charming about the word â€Å" intelligence † . I have intentionally chosen it to fall in issue with those psychologists who consider logical logical thinking or lingual competency to be on a different plane that musical problem-solving or bodily-kinesthetic aptitude. † ( Multiple intelligences ) â€Å" To name some â€Å" endowment † and some â€Å" intelligence † shows this prejudice. Name them all â€Å" endowments † if you wish ; or name the all â€Å" intelligences † . † â€Å" I think of an intelligence as a biopsychological potency. That is, all members of the species have the possible to exert a set of rational modules of which the species is capable. † â€Å" When I wrote Frames of Mind, I was excessively promiscuous in the usage of the term intelligence, and I applied it in countries where it would hold been preferred to deploy other nomenclature. † Cogency of MI â€Å" it surveys a broad assortment of independent research traditions: neurology, particular populations, development, psychometries, anthropology, development, and so on. The theory is a merchandise of the synthesis of this study. † â€Å" the contention that MI is non theory until the experiments are performed is indefensible. † â€Å" If other researches, looking at the same empirical informations or at new empirical informations, were to come up with a list of modules that were better supported, the current versions of MI theory would be called into inquiry. If there turned out to be a important correlativity among theses modules, as measured by appropriate appraisals, the supported independency of the modules would be invalidated. Furthermore, the theory could be partly disconfirmed on any figure of finer points. Possibly one or more of the campaigner intelligences will be found to be inadequately justified based on farther reappraisal. Possibly there are campaigners that I have non considered. Or possibly the intelligences are non about every bit independent as claimed. Each of these options can be through empirical observation verified and can supply agencies for disconfirming or redeveloping the theory, although in the instance of certain alteration, there might still be some public-service corporation to the theory itself. † The writer would travel as far to province that Howard Garner has non created a list of intelligences, but yet another list of larning manners. This averment is supported by the overplus of articles and books written on the topic in the US and throughout the universe. The application of the theory to the schoolroom puting reads merely as any text on acquisition manners, speaking about holding an consciousness of kids ‘s single form of intelligences, of learning in such a manner that all students have entree to the information in their preferable manner and of developing countries where kids may demo a failing. Sternberg ‘s work is besides non immune from such unfavorable judgment, in his work sing learning for successful intelligence besides describes the theory in a really similar manner to that of acquisition manners. â€Å" The theory of successful intelligence holds that some pupils who do non make good in conventional classs may, in fact, have the ability to win, if they are taught in a manner that is a better tantrum to their forms of abilities. † Teaching for successful intelligence. â€Å" One of the most utile things a instructor can make is to assist a pupil figure out how to do the most of what he or she does good, and to happen ways around what he or she does non make so good. † Coffield ‘s work in this country has found that there are far excessively many accounts of larning manners.